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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The main *pynput* module.
This module imports ``keyboard`` and ``mouse``.
"""
def _logger(cls):
"""Creates a logger with a name suitable for a specific class.
This function takes into account that implementations for classes reside in
platform dependent modules, and thus removes the final part of the module
name.
:param type cls: The class for which to create a logger.
:return: a logger
"""
import logging
return logging.getLogger('{}.{}'.format(
'.'.join(cls.__module__.split('.', 2)[:2]),
cls.__name__))
from . import keyboard
from . import mouse

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# coding=utf-8
# pystray
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
__author__ = u'Moses Palmér'
__version__ = (1, 8, 1)

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
General utility functions and classes.
"""
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement minimal mixins
# pylint: disable=W0212
# We implement an internal API
import contextlib
import functools
import importlib
import inspect
import os
import sys
import threading
import time
import six
from six.moves import queue
#: Possible resolutions for import related errors.
RESOLUTIONS = {
'darwin': 'Please make sure that you have Python bindings for the '
'system frameworks installed',
'uinput': 'Please make sure that you are running as root, and that '
'the utility dumpkeys is installed',
'xorg': 'Please make sure that you have an X server running, and that '
'the DISPLAY environment variable is set correctly'}
def backend(package):
"""Returns the backend module for a package.
:param str package: The package for which to load a backend.
"""
backend_name = os.environ.get(
'PYNPUT_BACKEND_{}'.format(package.rsplit('.')[-1].upper()),
os.environ.get('PYNPUT_BACKEND', None))
if backend_name:
modules = [backend_name]
elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
modules = ['darwin']
elif sys.platform == 'win32':
modules = ['win32']
else:
modules = ['xorg']
errors = []
resolutions = []
for module in modules:
try:
return importlib.import_module('._' + module, package)
except ImportError as e:
errors.append(e)
if module in RESOLUTIONS:
resolutions.append(RESOLUTIONS[module])
raise ImportError('this platform is not supported: {}'.format(
'; '.join(str(e) for e in errors)) + ('\n\n'
'Try one of the following resolutions:\n\n'
+ '\n\n'.join(
' * {}'.format(s)
for s in resolutions))
if resolutions else '')
def prefix(base, cls):
"""Calculates the prefix to use for platform specific options for a
specific class.
The prefix if the name of the module containing the class that is an
immediate subclass of ``base`` among the super classes of ``cls``.
"""
for super_cls in filter(
lambda cls: issubclass(cls, base),
cls.__mro__[1:]):
if super_cls is base:
return cls.__module__.rsplit('.', 1)[-1][1:] + '_'
else:
result = prefix(base, super_cls)
if result is not None:
return result
class AbstractListener(threading.Thread):
"""A class implementing the basic behaviour for event listeners.
Instances of this class can be used as context managers. This is equivalent
to the following code::
listener.start()
listener.wait()
try:
with_statements()
finally:
listener.stop()
Actual implementations of this class must set the attribute ``_log``, which
must be an instance of :class:`logging.Logger`.
:param bool suppress: Whether to suppress events. Setting this to ``True``
will prevent the input events from being passed to the rest of the
system.
:param kwargs: A mapping from callback attribute to callback handler. All
handlers will be wrapped in a function reading the return value of the
callback, and if it ``is False``, raising :class:`StopException`.
Any callback that is falsy will be ignored.
"""
class StopException(Exception):
"""If an event listener callback raises this exception, the current
listener is stopped.
"""
pass
#: Exceptions that are handled outside of the emitter and should thus not
#: be passed through the queue
_HANDLED_EXCEPTIONS = tuple()
def __init__(self, suppress=False, **kwargs):
super(AbstractListener, self).__init__()
def wrapper(f):
def inner(*args):
if f(*args) is False:
raise self.StopException()
return inner
self._suppress = suppress
self._running = False
self._thread = threading.current_thread()
self._condition = threading.Condition()
self._ready = False
# Allow multiple calls to stop
self._queue = queue.Queue(10)
self.daemon = True
for name, callback in kwargs.items():
setattr(self, name, wrapper(callback))
@property
def suppress(self):
"""Whether to suppress events.
"""
return self._suppress
@property
def running(self):
"""Whether the listener is currently running.
"""
return self._running
def stop(self):
"""Stops listening for events.
When this method returns, no more events will be delivered. Once this
method has been called, the listener instance cannot be used any more,
since a listener is a :class:`threading.Thread`, and once stopped it
cannot be restarted.
To resume listening for event, a new listener must be created.
"""
if self._running:
self._running = False
self._queue.put(None)
self._stop_platform()
def __enter__(self):
self.start()
self.wait()
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
self.stop()
def wait(self):
"""Waits for this listener to become ready.
"""
self._condition.acquire()
while not self._ready:
self._condition.wait()
self._condition.release()
def run(self):
"""The thread runner method.
"""
self._running = True
self._thread = threading.current_thread()
self._run()
# Make sure that the queue contains something
self._queue.put(None)
@classmethod
def _emitter(cls, f):
"""A decorator to mark a method as the one emitting the callbacks.
This decorator will wrap the method and catch exception. If a
:class:`StopException` is caught, the listener will be stopped
gracefully. If any other exception is caught, it will be propagated to
the thread calling :meth:`join` and reraised there.
"""
@functools.wraps(f)
def inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to catch all exception
try:
return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
except Exception as e:
if not isinstance(e, self._HANDLED_EXCEPTIONS):
if not isinstance(e, AbstractListener.StopException):
self._log.exception(
'Unhandled exception in listener callback')
self._queue.put(
None if isinstance(e, cls.StopException)
else sys.exc_info())
self.stop()
raise
# pylint: enable=W0702
return inner
def _mark_ready(self):
"""Marks this listener as ready to receive events.
This method must be called from :meth:`_run`. :meth:`wait` will block
until this method is called.
"""
self._condition.acquire()
self._ready = True
self._condition.notify()
self._condition.release()
def _run(self):
"""The implementation of the :meth:`run` method.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _stop_platform(self):
"""The implementation of the :meth:`stop` method.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _wrap(self, f, args):
"""Wraps a callable to make it accept ``args`` number of arguments.
:param f: The callable to wrap. If this is ``None`` a no-op wrapper is
returned.
:param int args: The number of arguments to accept.
:raises ValueError: if f requires more than ``args`` arguments
"""
if f is None:
return lambda *a: None
else:
argspec = inspect.getfullargspec(f)
actual = len(inspect.signature(f).parameters)
defaults = len(argspec.defaults) if argspec.defaults else 0
if actual - defaults > args:
raise ValueError(f)
elif actual >= args or argspec.varargs is not None:
return f
else:
return lambda *a: f(*a[:actual])
def join(self, timeout=None, *args):
start = time.time()
super(AbstractListener, self).join(timeout, *args)
timeout = max(0.0, timeout - (time.time() - start)) \
if timeout is not None \
else None
# Reraise any exceptions; make sure not to block if a timeout was
# provided
try:
exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = self._queue.get(
timeout=timeout)
six.reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback)
except queue.Empty:
pass
except TypeError:
return
class Events(object):
"""A base class to enable iterating over events.
"""
#: The listener class providing events.
_Listener = None
class Event(object):
def __str__(self):
return '{}({})'.format(
self.__class__.__name__,
', '.join(
'{}={}'.format(k, v)
for (k, v) in vars(self).items()))
def __eq__(self, other):
return self.__class__ == other.__class__ \
and dir(self) == dir(other) \
and all(
getattr(self, k) == getattr(other, k)
for k in dir(self))
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Events, self).__init__()
self._event_queue = queue.Queue()
self._sentinel = object()
self._listener = self._Listener(*args, **{
key: self._event_mapper(value)
for (key, value) in kwargs.items()})
self.start = self._listener.start
def __enter__(self):
self._listener.__enter__()
return self
def __exit__(self, *args):
self._listener.__exit__(*args)
# Drain the queue to ensure that the put does not block
while True:
try:
self._event_queue.get_nowait()
except queue.Empty:
break
self._event_queue.put(self._sentinel)
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
event = self.get()
if event is not None:
return event
else:
raise StopIteration()
def get(self, timeout=None):
"""Attempts to read the next event.
:param int timeout: An optional timeout. If this is not provided, this
method may block infinitely.
:return: the next event, or ``None`` if the source has been stopped or
no events were received
"""
try:
event = self._event_queue.get(timeout=timeout)
return event if event is not self._sentinel else None
except queue.Empty:
return None
def _event_mapper(self, event):
"""Generates an event callback to transforms the callback arguments to
an event and then publishes it.
:param callback event: A function generating an event object.
:return: a callback
"""
@functools.wraps(event)
def inner(*args):
try:
self._event_queue.put(event(*args), block=False)
except queue.Full:
pass
return inner
class NotifierMixin(object):
"""A mixin for notifiers of fake events.
This mixin can be used for controllers on platforms where sending fake
events does not cause a listener to receive a notification.
"""
def _emit(self, action, *args):
"""Sends a notification to all registered listeners.
This method will ensure that listeners that raise
:class:`StopException` are stopped.
:param str action: The name of the notification.
:param args: The arguments to pass.
"""
stopped = []
for listener in self._listeners():
try:
getattr(listener, action)(*args)
except listener.StopException:
stopped.append(listener)
for listener in stopped:
listener.stop()
@classmethod
def _receiver(cls, listener_class):
"""A decorator to make a class able to receive fake events from a
controller.
This decorator will add the method ``_receive`` to the decorated class.
This method is a context manager which ensures that all calls to
:meth:`_emit` will invoke the named method in the listener instance
while the block is active.
"""
@contextlib.contextmanager
def receive(self):
"""Executes a code block with this listener instance registered as
a receiver of fake input events.
"""
self._controller_class._add_listener(self)
try:
yield
finally:
self._controller_class._remove_listener(self)
listener_class._receive = receive
listener_class._controller_class = cls
# Make sure this class has the necessary attributes
if not hasattr(cls, '_listener_cache'):
cls._listener_cache = set()
cls._listener_lock = threading.Lock()
return listener_class
@classmethod
def _listeners(cls):
"""Iterates over the set of running listeners.
This method will quit without acquiring the lock if the set is empty,
so there is potential for race conditions. This is an optimisation,
since :class:`Controller` will need to call this method for every
control event.
"""
if not cls._listener_cache:
return
with cls._listener_lock:
for listener in cls._listener_cache:
yield listener
@classmethod
def _add_listener(cls, listener):
"""Adds a listener to the set of running listeners.
:param listener: The listener for fake events.
"""
with cls._listener_lock:
cls._listener_cache.add(listener)
@classmethod
def _remove_listener(cls, listener):
"""Removes this listener from the set of running listeners.
:param listener: The listener for fake events.
"""
with cls._listener_lock:
cls._listener_cache.remove(listener)

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
Utility functions and classes for the *Darwin* backend.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0103
# pylint: disable=R0903
# This module contains wrapper classes
import contextlib
import ctypes
import ctypes.util
import six
import objc
import HIServices
from CoreFoundation import (
CFRelease
)
from Quartz import (
CFMachPortCreateRunLoopSource,
CFRunLoopAddSource,
CFRunLoopGetCurrent,
CFRunLoopRunInMode,
CFRunLoopStop,
CGEventGetIntegerValueField,
CGEventTapCreate,
CGEventTapEnable,
kCFRunLoopDefaultMode,
kCFRunLoopRunTimedOut,
kCGEventSourceUnixProcessID,
kCGEventTapOptionDefault,
kCGEventTapOptionListenOnly,
kCGHeadInsertEventTap,
kCGSessionEventTap)
from . import AbstractListener
def _wrap_value(value):
"""Converts a pointer to a *Python objc* value.
:param value: The pointer to convert.
:return: a wrapped value
"""
return objc.objc_object(c_void_p=value) if value is not None else None
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _wrapped(value):
"""A context manager that converts a raw pointer to a *Python objc* value.
When the block is exited, the value is released.
:param value: The raw value to wrap.
"""
wrapped_value = _wrap_value(value)
try:
yield value
finally:
CFRelease(wrapped_value)
class CarbonExtra(object):
"""A class exposing some missing functionality from *Carbon* as class
attributes.
"""
_Carbon = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(ctypes.util.find_library('Carbon'))
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource.argtypes = []
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentASCIICapableKeyboardLayoutInputSource.argtypes = []
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentASCIICapableKeyboardLayoutInputSource.restype = \
ctypes.c_void_p
_Carbon.TISGetInputSourceProperty.argtypes = [
ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_void_p]
_Carbon.TISGetInputSourceProperty.restype = ctypes.c_void_p
_Carbon.LMGetKbdType.argtypes = []
_Carbon.LMGetKbdType.restype = ctypes.c_uint32
_Carbon.UCKeyTranslate.argtypes = [
ctypes.c_void_p,
ctypes.c_uint16,
ctypes.c_uint16,
ctypes.c_uint32,
ctypes.c_uint32,
ctypes.c_uint32,
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint32),
ctypes.c_uint8,
ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_uint8),
ctypes.c_uint16 * 4]
_Carbon.UCKeyTranslate.restype = ctypes.c_uint32
TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource = \
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource
TISCopyCurrentASCIICapableKeyboardLayoutInputSource = \
_Carbon.TISCopyCurrentASCIICapableKeyboardLayoutInputSource
kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData = ctypes.c_void_p.in_dll(
_Carbon, 'kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData')
TISGetInputSourceProperty = \
_Carbon.TISGetInputSourceProperty
LMGetKbdType = \
_Carbon.LMGetKbdType
kUCKeyActionDisplay = 3
kUCKeyTranslateNoDeadKeysBit = 0
UCKeyTranslate = \
_Carbon.UCKeyTranslate
@contextlib.contextmanager
def keycode_context():
"""Returns an opaque value representing a context for translating keycodes
to strings.
"""
keyboard_type, layout_data = None, None
for source in [
CarbonExtra.TISCopyCurrentKeyboardInputSource,
CarbonExtra.TISCopyCurrentASCIICapableKeyboardLayoutInputSource]:
with _wrapped(source()) as keyboard:
keyboard_type = CarbonExtra.LMGetKbdType()
layout = _wrap_value(CarbonExtra.TISGetInputSourceProperty(
keyboard,
CarbonExtra.kTISPropertyUnicodeKeyLayoutData))
layout_data = layout.bytes().tobytes() if layout else None
if keyboard is not None and layout_data is not None:
break
yield (keyboard_type, layout_data)
def keycode_to_string(context, keycode, modifier_state=0):
"""Converts a keycode to a string.
"""
LENGTH = 4
keyboard_type, layout_data = context
dead_key_state = ctypes.c_uint32()
length = ctypes.c_uint8()
unicode_string = (ctypes.c_uint16 * LENGTH)()
CarbonExtra.UCKeyTranslate(
layout_data,
keycode,
CarbonExtra.kUCKeyActionDisplay,
modifier_state,
keyboard_type,
CarbonExtra.kUCKeyTranslateNoDeadKeysBit,
ctypes.byref(dead_key_state),
LENGTH,
ctypes.byref(length),
unicode_string)
return u''.join(
six.unichr(unicode_string[i])
for i in range(length.value))
def get_unicode_to_keycode_map():
"""Returns a mapping from unicode strings to virtual key codes.
:return: a dict mapping key codes to strings
"""
with keycode_context() as context:
return {
keycode_to_string(context, keycode): keycode
for keycode in range(128)}
class ListenerMixin(object):
"""A mixin for *Quartz* event listeners.
Subclasses should set a value for :attr:`_EVENTS` and implement
:meth:`_handle_message`.
"""
#: The events that we listen to
_EVENTS = tuple()
#: Whether this process is trusted to monitor input events.
IS_TRUSTED = False
def _run(self):
self.IS_TRUSTED = HIServices.AXIsProcessTrusted()
if not self.IS_TRUSTED:
self._log.warning(
'This process is not trusted! Input event monitoring will not '
'be possible until it is added to accessibility clients.')
self._loop = None
try:
tap = self._create_event_tap()
if tap is None:
self._mark_ready()
return
loop_source = CFMachPortCreateRunLoopSource(
None, tap, 0)
self._loop = CFRunLoopGetCurrent()
CFRunLoopAddSource(
self._loop, loop_source, kCFRunLoopDefaultMode)
CGEventTapEnable(tap, True)
self._mark_ready()
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to silence errors
try:
while self.running:
result = CFRunLoopRunInMode(
kCFRunLoopDefaultMode, 1, False)
try:
if result != kCFRunLoopRunTimedOut:
break
except AttributeError:
# This happens during teardown of the virtual machine
break
except:
# This exception will have been passed to the main thread
pass
# pylint: enable=W0702
finally:
self._loop = None
def _stop_platform(self):
# The base class sets the running flag to False; this will cause the
# loop around run loop invocations to terminate and set this event
try:
if self._loop is not None:
CFRunLoopStop(self._loop)
except AttributeError:
# The loop may not have been created
pass
def _create_event_tap(self):
"""Creates the event tap used by the listener.
:return: an event tap
"""
return CGEventTapCreate(
kCGSessionEventTap,
kCGHeadInsertEventTap,
kCGEventTapOptionListenOnly if (
True
and not self.suppress
and self._intercept is None)
else kCGEventTapOptionDefault,
self._EVENTS,
self._handler,
None)
@AbstractListener._emitter
def _handler(self, proxy, event_type, event, refcon):
"""The callback registered with *macOS* for mouse events.
This method will call the callbacks registered on initialisation.
"""
# An injected event will have a Unix process ID attached
is_injected = (CGEventGetIntegerValueField(
event,
kCGEventSourceUnixProcessID)) != 0
self._handle_message(proxy, event_type, event, refcon, is_injected)
if self._intercept is not None:
return self._intercept(event_type, event)
elif self.suppress:
return None
def _handle_message(self, proxy, event_type, event, refcon):
"""The device specific callback handler.
This method calls the appropriate callback registered when this
listener was created based on the event.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()

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# coding: utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# pylint: disable=C0111,C0302
SYMBOLS = {
0: 'a',
1: 's',
2: 'd',
3: 'f',
4: 'h',
5: 'g',
6: 'z',
7: 'x',
8: 'c',
9: 'v',
11: 'b',
12: 'q',
13: 'w',
14: 'e',
15: 'r',
16: 'y',
17: 't',
18: '1',
19: '2',
20: '3',
21: '4',
22: '6',
23: '5',
24: '=',
25: '9',
26: '7',
27: '-',
28: '8',
29: '0',
30: ']',
31: 'o',
32: 'u',
33: '[',
34: 'i',
35: 'p',
37: 'l',
38: 'j',
39: '\'',
40: 'k',
41: ';',
42: '\\',
43: ',',
44: '/',
45: 'n',
46: 'm',
47: '.',
49: ' ',
50: '`',
82: '0',
83: '1',
84: '2',
85: '3',
86: '4',
87: '5',
88: '6',
89: '7',
91: '8',
92: '9',
}

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
Utility functions and classes for the *uinput* backend.
"""
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import evdev
# Check that we have permissions to continue
def _check():
# TODO: Implement!
pass
_check()
del _check
class ListenerMixin(object):
"""A mixin for *uinput* event listeners.
Subclasses should set a value for :attr:`_EVENTS` and implement
:meth:`_handle_message`.
"""
#: The events for which to listen
_EVENTS = tuple()
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(ListenerMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._dev = self._device(self._options.get(
'device_paths',
evdev.list_devices()))
if self.suppress:
self._dev.grab()
def _run(self):
for event in self._dev.read_loop():
if event.type in self._EVENTS:
self._handle_message(event)
def _stop_platform(self):
self._dev.close()
def _device(self, paths):
"""Attempts to load a readable keyboard device.
:param paths: A list of paths.
:return: a compatible device
"""
dev, count = None, 0
for path in paths:
# Open the device
try:
next_dev = evdev.InputDevice(path)
except OSError:
continue
# Does this device provide more handled event codes?
capabilities = next_dev.capabilities()
next_count = sum(
len(codes)
for event, codes in capabilities.items()
if event in self._EVENTS)
if next_count > count:
dev = next_dev
count = next_count
else:
next_dev.close()
if dev is None:
raise OSError('no keyboard device available')
else:
return dev
def _handle_message(self, event):
"""Handles a single event.
This method should call one of the registered event callbacks.
:param event: The event.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
Utility functions and classes for the *win32* backend.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0103
# We want to make it obvious how structs are related
# pylint: disable=R0903
# This module contains a number of structs
import contextlib
import ctypes
import itertools
import threading
from ctypes import (
windll,
wintypes)
from . import AbstractListener, win32_vks as VK
# LPDWORD is not in ctypes.wintypes on Python 2
if not hasattr(wintypes, 'LPDWORD'):
wintypes.LPDWORD = ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD)
class MOUSEINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Contains information about a simulated mouse event.
"""
MOVE = 0x0001
LEFTDOWN = 0x0002
LEFTUP = 0x0004
RIGHTDOWN = 0x0008
RIGHTUP = 0x0010
MIDDLEDOWN = 0x0020
MIDDLEUP = 0x0040
XDOWN = 0x0080
XUP = 0x0100
WHEEL = 0x0800
HWHEEL = 0x1000
ABSOLUTE = 0x8000
XBUTTON1 = 0x0001
XBUTTON2 = 0x0002
_fields_ = [
('dx', wintypes.LONG),
('dy', wintypes.LONG),
('mouseData', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwFlags', wintypes.DWORD),
('time', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwExtraInfo', ctypes.c_void_p)]
class KEYBDINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Contains information about a simulated keyboard event.
"""
EXTENDEDKEY = 0x0001
KEYUP = 0x0002
SCANCODE = 0x0008
UNICODE = 0x0004
_fields_ = [
('wVk', wintypes.WORD),
('wScan', wintypes.WORD),
('dwFlags', wintypes.DWORD),
('time', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwExtraInfo', ctypes.c_void_p)]
class HARDWAREINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Contains information about a simulated message generated by an input
device other than a keyboard or mouse.
"""
_fields_ = [
('uMsg', wintypes.DWORD),
('wParamL', wintypes.WORD),
('wParamH', wintypes.WORD)]
class INPUT_union(ctypes.Union):
"""Represents the union of input types in :class:`INPUT`.
"""
_fields_ = [
('mi', MOUSEINPUT),
('ki', KEYBDINPUT),
('hi', HARDWAREINPUT)]
class INPUT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Used by :attr:`SendInput` to store information for synthesizing input
events such as keystrokes, mouse movement, and mouse clicks.
"""
MOUSE = 0
KEYBOARD = 1
HARDWARE = 2
_fields_ = [
('type', wintypes.DWORD),
('value', INPUT_union)]
LPINPUT = ctypes.POINTER(INPUT)
VkKeyScan = windll.user32.VkKeyScanW
VkKeyScan.argtypes = (
wintypes.WCHAR,)
MapVirtualKey = windll.user32.MapVirtualKeyW
MapVirtualKey.argtypes = (
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT)
MapVirtualKey.MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC = 0
SendInput = windll.user32.SendInput
SendInput.argtypes = (
wintypes.UINT,
ctypes.c_voidp, # Really LPINPUT
ctypes.c_int)
GetCurrentThreadId = windll.kernel32.GetCurrentThreadId
GetCurrentThreadId.restype = wintypes.DWORD
class MessageLoop(object):
"""A class representing a message loop.
"""
#: The message that signals this loop to terminate
WM_STOP = 0x0401
_LPMSG = ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.MSG)
_GetMessage = windll.user32.GetMessageW
_GetMessage.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_voidp, # Really _LPMSG
wintypes.HWND,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT)
_PeekMessage = windll.user32.PeekMessageW
_PeekMessage.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_voidp, # Really _LPMSG
wintypes.HWND,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT)
_PostThreadMessage = windll.user32.PostThreadMessageW
_PostThreadMessage.argtypes = (
wintypes.DWORD,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.WPARAM,
wintypes.LPARAM)
PM_NOREMOVE = 0
def __init__(self):
self._threadid = None
self._event = threading.Event()
self.thread = None
def __iter__(self):
"""Initialises the message loop and yields all messages until
:meth:`stop` is called.
:raises AssertionError: if :meth:`start` has not been called
"""
assert self._threadid is not None
try:
# Pump messages until WM_STOP
while True:
msg = wintypes.MSG()
lpmsg = ctypes.byref(msg)
r = self._GetMessage(lpmsg, None, 0, 0)
if r <= 0 or msg.message == self.WM_STOP:
break
else:
yield msg
finally:
self._threadid = None
self.thread = None
def start(self):
"""Starts the message loop.
This method must be called before iterating over messages, and it must
be called from the same thread.
"""
self._threadid = GetCurrentThreadId()
self.thread = threading.current_thread()
# Create the message loop
msg = wintypes.MSG()
lpmsg = ctypes.byref(msg)
self._PeekMessage(lpmsg, None, 0x0400, 0x0400, self.PM_NOREMOVE)
# Set the event to signal to other threads that the loop is created
self._event.set()
def stop(self):
"""Stops the message loop.
"""
self._event.wait()
if self._threadid:
self.post(self.WM_STOP, 0, 0)
def post(self, msg, wparam, lparam):
"""Posts a message to this message loop.
:param ctypes.wintypes.UINT msg: The message.
:param ctypes.wintypes.WPARAM wparam: The value of ``wParam``.
:param ctypes.wintypes.LPARAM lparam: The value of ``lParam``.
"""
self._PostThreadMessage(self._threadid, msg, wparam, lparam)
class SystemHook(object):
"""A class to handle Windows hooks.
"""
#: The hook action value for actions we should check
HC_ACTION = 0
_HOOKPROC = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
wintypes.LPARAM,
ctypes.c_int32, wintypes.WPARAM, wintypes.LPARAM)
_SetWindowsHookEx = windll.user32.SetWindowsHookExW
_SetWindowsHookEx.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_int,
_HOOKPROC,
wintypes.HINSTANCE,
wintypes.DWORD)
_UnhookWindowsHookEx = windll.user32.UnhookWindowsHookEx
_UnhookWindowsHookEx.argtypes = (
wintypes.HHOOK,)
_CallNextHookEx = windll.user32.CallNextHookEx
_CallNextHookEx.argtypes = (
wintypes.HHOOK,
ctypes.c_int,
wintypes.WPARAM,
wintypes.LPARAM)
#: The registered hook procedures
_HOOKS = {}
class SuppressException(Exception):
"""An exception raised by a hook callback to suppress further
propagation of events.
"""
pass
def __init__(self, hook_id, on_hook=lambda code, msg, lpdata: None):
self.hook_id = hook_id
self.on_hook = on_hook
self._hook = None
def __enter__(self):
key = threading.current_thread().ident
assert key not in self._HOOKS
# Add ourself to lookup table and install the hook
self._HOOKS[key] = self
self._hook = self._SetWindowsHookEx(
self.hook_id,
self._handler,
None,
0)
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
key = threading.current_thread().ident
assert key in self._HOOKS
if self._hook is not None:
# Uninstall the hook and remove ourself from lookup table
self._UnhookWindowsHookEx(self._hook)
del self._HOOKS[key]
@staticmethod
@_HOOKPROC
def _handler(code, msg, lpdata):
key = threading.current_thread().ident
self = SystemHook._HOOKS.get(key, None)
if self:
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to silence errors
try:
self.on_hook(code, msg, lpdata)
except self.SuppressException:
# Return non-zero to stop event propagation
return 1
except:
# Ignore any errors
pass
# pylint: enable=W0702
return SystemHook._CallNextHookEx(0, code, msg, lpdata)
class ListenerMixin(object):
"""A mixin for *win32* event listeners.
Subclasses should set a value for :attr:`_EVENTS` and implement
:meth:`_handle_message`.
Subclasses must also be decorated with a decorator compatible with
:meth:`pynput._util.NotifierMixin._receiver` or implement the method
``_receive()``.
"""
#: The Windows hook ID for the events to capture.
_EVENTS = None
#: The window message used to signal that an even should be handled.
_WM_PROCESS = 0x410
#: Additional window messages to propagate to the subclass handler.
_WM_NOTIFICATIONS = []
def suppress_event(self):
"""Causes the currently filtered event to be suppressed.
This has a system wide effect and will generally result in no
applications receiving the event.
This method will raise an undefined exception.
"""
raise SystemHook.SuppressException()
def _run(self):
self._message_loop = MessageLoop()
with self._receive():
self._mark_ready()
self._message_loop.start()
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to silence errors
try:
with SystemHook(self._EVENTS, self._handler):
# Just pump messages
for msg in self._message_loop:
if not self.running:
break
if msg.message == self._WM_PROCESS:
self._process(msg.wParam, msg.lParam)
elif msg.message in self._WM_NOTIFICATIONS:
self._on_notification(
msg.message, msg.wParam, msg.lParam)
except:
# This exception will have been passed to the main thread
pass
# pylint: enable=W0702
def _stop_platform(self):
try:
self._message_loop.stop()
except AttributeError:
# The loop may not have been created
pass
@AbstractListener._emitter
def _handler(self, code, msg, lpdata):
"""The callback registered with *Windows* for events.
This method will post the message :attr:`_WM_PROCESS` to the message
loop started with this listener using :meth:`MessageLoop.post`. The
parameters are retrieved with a call to :meth:`_handle`.
"""
try:
converted = self._convert(code, msg, lpdata)
if converted is not None:
self._message_loop.post(self._WM_PROCESS, *converted)
except NotImplementedError:
self._handle_message(code, msg, lpdata)
if self.suppress:
self.suppress_event()
def _convert(self, code, msg, lpdata):
"""The device specific callback handler.
This method converts a low-level message and data to a
``WPARAM`` / ``LPARAM`` pair.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _process(self, wparam, lparam):
"""The device specific callback handler.
This method performs the actual dispatching of events.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _handle_message(self, code, msg, lpdata):
"""The device specific callback handler.
This method calls the appropriate callback registered when this
listener was created based on the event.
This method is only called if :meth:`_convert` is not implemented.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _on_notification(self, code, wparam, lparam):
"""An additional notification handler.
This method will be called for every message in
:attr:`_WM_NOTIFICATIONS`.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
class KeyTranslator(object):
"""A class to translate virtual key codes to characters.
"""
_GetAsyncKeyState = ctypes.windll.user32.GetAsyncKeyState
_GetAsyncKeyState.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_int,)
_GetKeyboardLayout = ctypes.windll.user32.GetKeyboardLayout
_GetKeyboardLayout.argtypes = (
wintypes.DWORD,)
_GetKeyboardState = ctypes.windll.user32.GetKeyboardState
_GetKeyboardState.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_voidp,)
_GetKeyState = ctypes.windll.user32.GetAsyncKeyState
_GetKeyState.argtypes = (
ctypes.c_int,)
_MapVirtualKeyEx = ctypes.windll.user32.MapVirtualKeyExW
_MapVirtualKeyEx.argtypes = (
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.HKL)
_ToUnicodeEx = ctypes.windll.user32.ToUnicodeEx
_ToUnicodeEx.argtypes = (
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.UINT,
ctypes.c_voidp,
ctypes.c_voidp,
ctypes.c_int,
wintypes.UINT,
wintypes.HKL)
_MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC = 0
_MAPVK_VSC_TO_VK = 1
_MAPVK_VK_TO_CHAR = 2
def __init__(self):
self.update_layout()
def __call__(self, vk, is_press):
"""Converts a virtual key code to a string.
:param int vk: The virtual key code.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a press.
:return: parameters suitable for the :class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`
constructor
:raises OSError: if a call to any *win32* function fails
"""
# Get a string representation of the key
layout_data = self._layout_data[self._modifier_state()]
scan = self._to_scan(vk, self._layout)
character, is_dead = layout_data[scan]
return {
'char': character,
'is_dead': is_dead,
'vk': vk,
'_scan': scan}
def update_layout(self):
"""Updates the cached layout data.
"""
self._layout, self._layout_data = self._generate_layout()
def char_from_scan(self, scan):
"""Translates a scan code to a character, if possible.
:param int scan: The scan code to translate.
:return: maybe a character
:rtype: str or None
"""
return self._layout_data[(False, False, False)][scan][0]
def _generate_layout(self):
"""Generates the keyboard layout.
This method will call ``ToUnicodeEx``, which modifies kernel buffers,
so it must *not* be called from the keyboard hook.
The return value is the tuple ``(layout_handle, layout_data)``, where
``layout_data`` is a mapping from the tuple ``(shift, ctrl, alt)`` to
an array indexed by scan code containing the data
``(character, is_dead)``, and ``layout_handle`` is the handle of the
layout.
:return: a composite layout
"""
layout_data = {}
state = (ctypes.c_ubyte * 255)()
with self._thread_input() as active_thread:
layout = self._GetKeyboardLayout(active_thread)
vks = [
self._to_vk(scan, layout)
for scan in range(len(state))]
for shift, ctrl, alt in itertools.product(
(False, True), (False, True), (False, True)):
current = [(None, False)] * len(state)
layout_data[(shift, ctrl, alt)] = current
# Update the keyboard state based on the modifier state
state[VK.SHIFT] = 0x80 if shift else 0x00
state[VK.CONTROL] = 0x80 if ctrl else 0x00
state[VK.MENU] = 0x80 if alt else 0x00
# For each virtual key code...
out = (ctypes.wintypes.WCHAR * 5)()
for (scan, vk) in enumerate(vks):
# ...translate it to a unicode character
count = self._ToUnicodeEx(
vk, scan, ctypes.byref(state), ctypes.byref(out),
len(out), 0, layout)
# Cache the result if a key is mapped
if count != 0:
character = out[0]
is_dead = count < 0
current[scan] = (character, is_dead)
# If the key is dead, flush the keyboard state
if is_dead:
self._ToUnicodeEx(
vk, scan, ctypes.byref(state),
ctypes.byref(out), len(out), 0, layout)
return (layout, layout_data)
def _to_scan(self, vk, layout):
"""Retrieves the scan code for a virtual key code.
:param int vk: The virtual key code.
:param layout: The keyboard layout.
:return: the scan code
"""
return self._MapVirtualKeyEx(
vk, self._MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC, layout)
def _to_vk(self, scan, layout):
"""Retrieves the virtual key code for a scan code.
:param int vscan: The scan code.
:param layout: The keyboard layout.
:return: the virtual key code
"""
return self._MapVirtualKeyEx(
scan, self._MAPVK_VSC_TO_VK, layout)
def _modifier_state(self):
"""Returns a key into :attr:`_layout_data` for the current modifier
state.
:return: the current modifier state
"""
shift = bool(self._GetAsyncKeyState(VK.SHIFT) & 0x8000)
ctrl = bool(self._GetAsyncKeyState(VK.CONTROL) & 0x8000)
alt = bool(self._GetAsyncKeyState(VK.MENU) & 0x8000)
return (shift, ctrl, alt)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _thread_input(self):
"""Yields the current thread ID.
"""
yield GetCurrentThreadId()

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# coding: utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
# pylint: disable=C0111,C0302
LBUTTON = 1
RBUTTON = 2
CANCEL = 3
MBUTTON = 4
XBUTTON1 = 5
XBUTTON2 = 6
BACK = 8
TAB = 9
CLEAR = 12
RETURN = 13
SHIFT = 16
CONTROL = 17
MENU = 18
PAUSE = 19
CAPITAL = 20
KANA = 21
HANGEUL = 21
HANGUL = 21
JUNJA = 23
FINAL = 24
HANJA = 25
KANJI = 25
ESCAPE = 27
CONVERT = 28
NONCONVERT = 29
ACCEPT = 30
MODECHANGE = 31
SPACE = 32
PRIOR = 33
NEXT = 34
END = 35
HOME = 36
LEFT = 37
UP = 38
RIGHT = 39
DOWN = 40
SELECT = 41
PRINT = 42
EXECUTE = 43
SNAPSHOT = 44
INSERT = 45
DELETE = 46
HELP = 47
LWIN = 91
RWIN = 92
APPS = 93
SLEEP = 95
NUMPAD0 = 96
NUMPAD1 = 97
NUMPAD2 = 98
NUMPAD3 = 99
NUMPAD4 = 100
NUMPAD5 = 101
NUMPAD6 = 102
NUMPAD7 = 103
NUMPAD8 = 104
NUMPAD9 = 105
MULTIPLY = 106
ADD = 107
SEPARATOR = 108
SUBTRACT = 109
DECIMAL = 110
DIVIDE = 111
F1 = 112
F2 = 113
F3 = 114
F4 = 115
F5 = 116
F6 = 117
F7 = 118
F8 = 119
F9 = 120
F10 = 121
F11 = 122
F12 = 123
F13 = 124
F14 = 125
F15 = 126
F16 = 127
F17 = 128
F18 = 129
F19 = 130
F20 = 131
F21 = 132
F22 = 133
F23 = 134
F24 = 135
NUMLOCK = 144
SCROLL = 145
OEM_NEC_EQUAL = 146
OEM_FJ_JISHO = 146
OEM_FJ_MASSHOU = 147
OEM_FJ_TOUROKU = 148
OEM_FJ_LOYA = 149
OEM_FJ_ROYA = 150
LSHIFT = 160
RSHIFT = 161
LCONTROL = 162
RCONTROL = 163
LMENU = 164
RMENU = 165
BROWSER_BACK = 166
BROWSER_FORWARD = 167
BROWSER_REFRESH = 168
BROWSER_STOP = 169
BROWSER_SEARCH = 170
BROWSER_FAVORITES = 171
BROWSER_HOME = 172
VOLUME_MUTE = 173
VOLUME_DOWN = 174
VOLUME_UP = 175
MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK = 176
MEDIA_PREV_TRACK = 177
MEDIA_STOP = 178
MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE = 179
LAUNCH_MAIL = 180
LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT = 181
LAUNCH_APP1 = 182
LAUNCH_APP2 = 183
OEM_1 = 186
OEM_PLUS = 187
OEM_COMMA = 188
OEM_MINUS = 189
OEM_PERIOD = 190
OEM_2 = 191
OEM_3 = 192
OEM_4 = 219
OEM_5 = 220
OEM_6 = 221
OEM_7 = 222
OEM_8 = 223
OEM_AX = 225
OEM_102 = 226
ICO_HELP = 227
ICO_00 = 228
PROCESSKEY = 229
ICO_CLEAR = 230
PACKET = 231
OEM_RESET = 233
OEM_JUMP = 234
OEM_PA1 = 235
OEM_PA2 = 236
OEM_PA3 = 237
OEM_WSCTRL = 238
OEM_CUSEL = 239
OEM_ATTN = 240
OEM_FINISH = 241
OEM_COPY = 242
OEM_AUTO = 243
OEM_ENLW = 244
OEM_BACKTAB = 245
ATTN = 246
CRSEL = 247
EXSEL = 248
EREOF = 249
PLAY = 250
ZOOM = 251
NONAME = 252
PA1 = 253
OEM_CLEAR = 254

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
Utility functions and classes for the *Xorg* backend.
"""
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import contextlib
import functools
import itertools
import operator
import Xlib.display
import Xlib.keysymdef
import Xlib.threaded
import Xlib.XK
from . import AbstractListener
from .xorg_keysyms import SYMBOLS
# Create a display to verify that we have an X connection
def _check_and_initialize():
display = Xlib.display.Display()
display.close()
for group in Xlib.keysymdef.__all__:
Xlib.XK.load_keysym_group(group)
_check_and_initialize()
del _check_and_initialize
class X11Error(Exception):
"""An error that is thrown at the end of a code block managed by a
:func:`display_manager` if an *X11* error occurred.
"""
pass
@contextlib.contextmanager
def display_manager(display):
"""Traps *X* errors and raises an :class:``X11Error`` at the end if any
error occurred.
This handler also ensures that the :class:`Xlib.display.Display` being
managed is sync'd.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The *X* display.
:return: the display
:rtype: Xlib.display.Display
"""
errors = []
def handler(*args):
"""The *Xlib* error handler.
"""
errors.append(args)
old_handler = display.set_error_handler(handler)
try:
yield display
display.sync()
finally:
display.set_error_handler(old_handler)
if errors:
raise X11Error(errors)
def _find_mask(display, symbol):
"""Returns the mode flags to use for a modifier symbol.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The *X* display.
:param str symbol: The name of the symbol.
:return: the modifier mask
"""
# Get the key code for the symbol
modifier_keycode = display.keysym_to_keycode(
Xlib.XK.string_to_keysym(symbol))
for index, keycodes in enumerate(display.get_modifier_mapping()):
for keycode in keycodes:
if keycode == modifier_keycode:
return 1 << index
return 0
def alt_mask(display):
"""Returns the *alt* mask flags.
The first time this function is called for a display, the value is cached.
Subsequent calls will return the cached value.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The *X* display.
:return: the modifier mask
"""
if not hasattr(display, '__alt_mask'):
display.__alt_mask = _find_mask(display, 'Alt_L')
return display.__alt_mask
def alt_gr_mask(display):
"""Returns the *alt* mask flags.
The first time this function is called for a display, the value is cached.
Subsequent calls will return the cached value.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The *X* display.
:return: the modifier mask
"""
if not hasattr(display, '__altgr_mask'):
display.__altgr_mask = _find_mask(display, 'Mode_switch')
return display.__altgr_mask
def numlock_mask(display):
"""Returns the *numlock* mask flags.
The first time this function is called for a display, the value is cached.
Subsequent calls will return the cached value.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The *X* display.
:return: the modifier mask
"""
if not hasattr(display, '__numlock_mask'):
display.__numlock_mask = _find_mask(display, 'Num_Lock')
return display.__numlock_mask
def keysym_is_latin_upper(keysym):
"""Determines whether a *keysym* is an upper case *latin* character.
This is true only if ``XK_A`` <= ``keysym`` <= ` XK_Z``.
:param in keysym: The *keysym* to check.
"""
return Xlib.XK.XK_A <= keysym <= Xlib.XK.XK_Z
def keysym_is_latin_lower(keysym):
"""Determines whether a *keysym* is a lower case *latin* character.
This is true only if ``XK_a`` <= ``keysym`` <= ` XK_z``.
:param in keysym: The *keysym* to check.
"""
return Xlib.XK.XK_a <= keysym <= Xlib.XK.XK_z
def keysym_group(ks1, ks2):
"""Generates a group from two *keysyms*.
The implementation of this function comes from:
Within each group, if the second element of the group is ``NoSymbol``,
then the group should be treated as if the second element were the same
as the first element, except when the first element is an alphabetic
*KeySym* ``K`` for which both lowercase and uppercase forms are
defined.
In that case, the group should be treated as if the first element were
the lowercase form of ``K`` and the second element were the uppercase
form of ``K``.
This function assumes that *alphabetic* means *latin*; this assumption
appears to be consistent with observations of the return values from
``XGetKeyboardMapping``.
:param ks1: The first *keysym*.
:param ks2: The second *keysym*.
:return: a tuple conforming to the description above
"""
if ks2 == Xlib.XK.NoSymbol:
if keysym_is_latin_upper(ks1):
return (Xlib.XK.XK_a + ks1 - Xlib.XK.XK_A, ks1)
elif keysym_is_latin_lower(ks1):
return (ks1, Xlib.XK.XK_A + ks1 - Xlib.XK.XK_a)
else:
return (ks1, ks1)
else:
return (ks1, ks2)
def keysym_normalize(keysym):
"""Normalises a list of *keysyms*.
The implementation of this function comes from:
If the list (ignoring trailing ``NoSymbol`` entries) is a single
*KeySym* ``K``, then the list is treated as if it were the list
``K NoSymbol K NoSymbol``.
If the list (ignoring trailing ``NoSymbol`` entries) is a pair of
*KeySyms* ``K1 K2``, then the list is treated as if it were the list
``K1 K2 K1 K2``.
If the list (ignoring trailing ``NoSymbol`` entries) is a triple of
*KeySyms* ``K1 K2 K3``, then the list is treated as if it were the list
``K1 K2 K3 NoSymbol``.
This function will also group the *keysyms* using :func:`keysym_group`.
:param keysyms: A list of keysyms.
:return: the tuple ``(group_1, group_2)`` or ``None``
"""
# Remove trailing NoSymbol
stripped = list(reversed(list(
itertools.dropwhile(
lambda n: n == Xlib.XK.NoSymbol,
reversed(keysym)))))
if not stripped:
return
elif len(stripped) == 1:
return (
keysym_group(stripped[0], Xlib.XK.NoSymbol),
keysym_group(stripped[0], Xlib.XK.NoSymbol))
elif len(stripped) == 2:
return (
keysym_group(stripped[0], stripped[1]),
keysym_group(stripped[0], stripped[1]))
elif len(stripped) == 3:
return (
keysym_group(stripped[0], stripped[1]),
keysym_group(stripped[2], Xlib.XK.NoSymbol))
elif len(stripped) >= 6:
# TODO: Find out why this is necessary; using only the documented
# behaviour may lead to only a US layout being used?
return (
keysym_group(stripped[0], stripped[1]),
keysym_group(stripped[4], stripped[5]))
else:
return (
keysym_group(stripped[0], stripped[1]),
keysym_group(stripped[2], stripped[3]))
def index_to_shift(display, index):
"""Converts an index in a *key code* list to the corresponding shift state.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The display for which to retrieve the
shift mask.
:param int index: The keyboard mapping *key code* index.
:return: a shift mask
"""
return (
(1 << 0 if index & 1 else 0) |
(alt_gr_mask(display) if index & 2 else 0))
def shift_to_index(display, shift):
"""Converts an index in a *key code* list to the corresponding shift state.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The display for which to retrieve the
shift mask.
:param int index: The keyboard mapping *key code* index.
:return: a shift mask
"""
return (
(1 if shift & 1 else 0) +
(2 if shift & alt_gr_mask(display) else 0))
def keyboard_mapping(display):
"""Generates a mapping from *keysyms* to *key codes* and required
modifier shift states.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The display for which to retrieve the
keyboard mapping.
:return: the keyboard mapping
"""
mapping = {}
shift_mask = 1 << 0
group_mask = alt_gr_mask(display)
# Iterate over all keysym lists in the keyboard mapping
min_keycode = display.display.info.min_keycode
keycode_count = display.display.info.max_keycode - min_keycode + 1
for index, keysyms in enumerate(display.get_keyboard_mapping(
min_keycode, keycode_count)):
key_code = index + min_keycode
# Normalise the keysym list to yield a tuple containing the two groups
normalized = keysym_normalize(keysyms)
if not normalized:
continue
# Iterate over the groups to extract the shift and modifier state
for groups, group in zip(normalized, (False, True)):
for keysym, shift in zip(groups, (False, True)):
if not keysym:
continue
shift_state = 0 \
| (shift_mask if shift else 0) \
| (group_mask if group else 0)
# Prefer already known lesser shift states
if keysym in mapping and mapping[keysym][1] < shift_state:
continue
mapping[keysym] = (key_code, shift_state)
return mapping
def char_to_keysym(char):
"""Converts a unicode character to a *keysym*.
:param str char: The unicode character.
:return: the corresponding *keysym*, or ``0`` if it cannot be found
"""
ordinal = ord(char)
if ordinal < 0x100:
return ordinal
else:
return ordinal | 0x01000000
def symbol_to_keysym(symbol):
"""Converts a symbol name to a *keysym*.
:param str symbol: The name of the symbol.
:return: the corresponding *keysym*, or ``0`` if it cannot be found
"""
# First try simple translation, the try a module attribute of
# Xlib.keysymdef.xkb and fall back on our pre-generated table
return (0
or Xlib.XK.string_to_keysym(symbol)
or getattr(Xlib.keysymdef.xkb, "XK_" + symbol, 0)
or SYMBOLS.get(symbol, (0,))[0])
class ListenerMixin(object):
"""A mixin for *X* event listeners.
Subclasses should set a value for :attr:`_EVENTS` and implement
:meth:`_handle_message`.
"""
#: The events for which to listen
_EVENTS = tuple()
#: We use this instance for parsing the binary data
_EVENT_PARSER = Xlib.protocol.rq.EventField(None)
def _run(self):
self._display_stop = Xlib.display.Display()
self._display_record = Xlib.display.Display()
self._stopped = False
with display_manager(self._display_record) as dm:
self._context = dm.record_create_context(
0,
[Xlib.ext.record.AllClients],
[{
'core_requests': (0, 0),
'core_replies': (0, 0),
'ext_requests': (0, 0, 0, 0),
'ext_replies': (0, 0, 0, 0),
'delivered_events': (0, 0),
'device_events': self._EVENTS,
'errors': (0, 0),
'client_started': False,
'client_died': False}])
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to silence errors
try:
self._initialize(self._display_stop)
self._mark_ready()
if self.suppress:
with display_manager(self._display_stop) as dm:
self._suppress_start(dm)
self._display_record.record_enable_context(
self._context, self._handler)
except:
# This exception will have been passed to the main thread
pass
finally:
if self.suppress:
with display_manager(self._display_stop) as dm:
self._suppress_stop(dm)
self._display_stop.record_disable_context(self._context)
self._display_stop.flush()
self._display_record.record_free_context(self._context)
self._display_stop.close()
self._display_record.close()
# pylint: enable=W0702
def _stop_platform(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_context'):
self.wait()
# Do this asynchronously to avoid deadlocks
self._display_record.record_disable_context(self._context)
def _suppress_start(self, display):
"""Starts suppressing events.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The display for which to suppress
events.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _suppress_stop(self, display):
"""Starts suppressing events.
:param Xlib.display.Display display: The display for which to suppress
events.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
@property
def _event_mask(self):
"""The event mask.
"""
return functools.reduce(operator.__or__, self._EVENTS, 0)
@AbstractListener._emitter
def _handler(self, events):
"""The callback registered with *X* for mouse events.
This method will parse the response and call the callbacks registered
on initialisation.
:param events: The events passed by *X*. This is a binary block
parsable by :attr:`_EVENT_PARSER`.
"""
if not self.running:
raise self.StopException()
data = events.data
while data and len(data):
event, data = self._EVENT_PARSER.parse_binary_value(
data, self._display_record.display, None, None)
injected = event.send_event
self._handle_message(self._display_stop, event, injected)
def _initialize(self, display):
"""Initialises this listener.
This method is called immediately before the event loop, from the
handler thread.
:param display: The display being used.
"""
pass
def _handle_message(self, display, event, injected):
"""The device specific callback handler.
This method calls the appropriate callback registered when this
listener was created based on the event.
:param display: The display being used.
:param event: The event.
:param bool injected: Whether the event was injected.
"""
pass

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The module containing keyboard classes.
See the documentation for more information.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0103
# KeyCode, Key, Controller and Listener are not constants
import itertools
from pynput._util import backend, Events
backend = backend(__name__)
KeyCode = backend.KeyCode
Key = backend.Key
Controller = backend.Controller
Listener = backend.Listener
del backend
# pylint: disable=C0326; it is easier to read column aligned keys
#: The keys used as modifiers; the first value in each tuple is the
#: base modifier to use for subsequent modifiers.
_MODIFIER_KEYS = (
(Key.alt_gr, (Key.alt_gr.value,)),
(Key.alt, (Key.alt.value, Key.alt_l.value, Key.alt_r.value)),
(Key.cmd, (Key.cmd.value, Key.cmd_l.value, Key.cmd_r.value)),
(Key.ctrl, (Key.ctrl.value, Key.ctrl_l.value, Key.ctrl_r.value)),
(Key.shift, (Key.shift.value, Key.shift_l.value, Key.shift_r.value)))
#: Normalised modifiers as a mapping from virtual key code to basic modifier.
_NORMAL_MODIFIERS = {
value: key
for combination in _MODIFIER_KEYS
for key, value in zip(
itertools.cycle((combination[0],)),
combination[1])}
#: Control codes to transform into key codes when typing
_CONTROL_CODES = {
'\n': Key.enter,
'\r': Key.enter,
'\t': Key.tab}
# pylint: enable=C0326
class Events(Events):
"""A keyboard event listener supporting synchronous iteration over the
events.
Possible events are:
:class:`Events.Press`
A key was pressed.
:class:`Events.Release`
A key was released.
"""
_Listener = Listener
class Press(Events.Event):
"""A key press event.
"""
def __init__(self, key, injected):
#: The key.
self.key = key
#: Whether this event is synthetic.
self.injected = injected
class Release(Events.Event):
"""A key release event.
"""
def __init__(self, key, injected):
#: The key.
self.key = key
#: Whether this event is synthetic.
self.injected = injected
def __init__(self):
super(Events, self).__init__(
on_press=self.Press,
on_release=self.Release)
class HotKey(object):
"""A combination of keys acting as a hotkey.
This class acts as a container of hotkey state for a keyboard listener.
:param set keys: The collection of keys that must be pressed for this
hotkey to activate. Please note that a common limitation of the
hardware is that at most three simultaneously pressed keys are
supported, so using more keys may not work.
:param callable on_activate: The activation callback.
"""
def __init__(self, keys, on_activate):
self._state = set()
self._keys = set(keys)
self._on_activate = on_activate
@staticmethod
def parse(keys):
"""Parses a key combination string.
Key combination strings are sequences of key identifiers separated by
``'+'``. Key identifiers are either single characters representing a
keyboard key, such as ``'a'``, or special key names identified by names
enclosed by brackets, such as ``'<ctrl>'``.
Keyboard keys are case-insensitive.
:raises ValueError: if a part of the keys string is invalid, or if it
contains multiple equal parts
"""
def parts():
start = 0
for i, c in enumerate(keys):
if c == '+' and i != start:
yield keys[start:i]
start = i + 1
if start == len(keys):
raise ValueError(keys)
else:
yield keys[start:]
def parse(s):
if len(s) == 1:
return KeyCode.from_char(s.lower())
elif len(s) > 2 and (s[0], s[-1]) == ('<', '>'):
p = s[1:-1]
try:
# We want to represent modifiers as Key instances, and all
# other keys as KeyCodes
key = Key[p.lower()]
if key in _NORMAL_MODIFIERS.values():
return key
else:
return KeyCode.from_vk(key.value.vk)
except KeyError:
try:
return KeyCode.from_vk(int(p))
except ValueError:
raise ValueError(s)
else:
raise ValueError(s)
# Split the string and parse the individual parts
raw_parts = list(parts())
parsed_parts = [
parse(s)
for s in raw_parts]
# Ensure no duplicate parts
if len(parsed_parts) != len(set(parsed_parts)):
raise ValueError(keys)
else:
return parsed_parts
def press(self, key):
"""Updates the hotkey state for a pressed key.
If the key is not currently pressed, but is the last key for the full
combination, the activation callback will be invoked.
Please note that the callback will only be invoked once.
:param key: The key being pressed.
:type key: Key or KeyCode
"""
if key in self._keys and key not in self._state:
self._state.add(key)
if self._state == self._keys:
self._on_activate()
def release(self, key):
"""Updates the hotkey state for a released key.
:param key: The key being released.
:type key: Key or KeyCode
"""
if key in self._state:
self._state.remove(key)
class GlobalHotKeys(Listener):
"""A keyboard listener supporting a number of global hotkeys.
This is a convenience wrapper to simplify registering a number of global
hotkeys.
:param dict hotkeys: A mapping from hotkey description to hotkey action.
Keys are strings passed to :meth:`HotKey.parse`.
:raises ValueError: if any hotkey description is invalid
"""
def __init__(self, hotkeys, *args, **kwargs):
self._hotkeys = [
HotKey(HotKey.parse(key), value)
for key, value in hotkeys.items()]
super(GlobalHotKeys, self).__init__(
on_press=self._on_press,
on_release=self._on_release,
*args,
**kwargs)
def _on_press(self, key, injected):
"""The press callback.
This is automatically registered upon creation.
:param key: The key provided by the base class.
:param injected: Whether the event was injected.
"""
if not injected:
for hotkey in self._hotkeys:
hotkey.press(self.canonical(key))
def _on_release(self, key, injected):
"""The release callback.
This is automatically registered upon creation.
:param key: The key provided by the base class.
:param injected: Whether the event was injected.
"""
if not injected:
for hotkey in self._hotkeys:
hotkey.release(self.canonical(key))

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
This module contains the base implementation.
The actual interface to keyboard classes is defined here, but the
implementation is located in a platform dependent module.
"""
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import contextlib
import enum
import threading
import unicodedata
import six
from pynput._util import AbstractListener, prefix
from pynput import _logger
class KeyCode(object):
"""
A :class:`KeyCode` represents the description of a key code used by the
operating system.
"""
#: The names of attributes used as platform extensions.
_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS = []
def __init__(self, vk=None, char=None, is_dead=False, **kwargs):
self.vk = vk
self.char = six.text_type(char) if char is not None else None
self.is_dead = is_dead
if self.is_dead:
try:
self.combining = unicodedata.lookup(
'COMBINING ' + unicodedata.name(self.char))
except KeyError:
self.is_dead = False
self.combining = None
if self.is_dead and not self.combining:
raise KeyError(char)
else:
self.combining = None
for key in self._PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS:
setattr(self, key, kwargs.pop(key, None))
if kwargs:
raise ValueError(kwargs)
def __repr__(self):
if self.is_dead:
return '[%s]' % repr(self.char)
if self.char is not None:
return repr(self.char)
else:
return '<%d>' % self.vk
def __str__(self):
return repr(self)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
return False
if self.char is not None and other.char is not None:
return self.char == other.char and self.is_dead == other.is_dead
else:
return self.vk == other.vk and all(
getattr(self, f) == getattr(other, f)
for f in self._PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS)
def __hash__(self):
return hash(repr(self))
def join(self, key):
"""Applies this dead key to another key and returns the result.
Joining a dead key with space (``' '``) or itself yields the non-dead
version of this key, if one exists; for example,
``KeyCode.from_dead('~').join(KeyCode.from_char(' '))`` equals
``KeyCode.from_char('~')`` and
``KeyCode.from_dead('~').join(KeyCode.from_dead('~'))``.
:param KeyCode key: The key to join with this key.
:return: a key code
:raises ValueError: if the keys cannot be joined
"""
# A non-dead key cannot be joined
if not self.is_dead:
raise ValueError(self)
# Joining two of the same keycodes, or joining with space, yields the
# non-dead version of the key
if key.char == ' ' or self == key:
return self.from_char(self.char)
# Otherwise we combine the characters
if key.char is not None:
combined = unicodedata.normalize(
'NFC',
key.char + self.combining)
if combined:
return self.from_char(combined)
raise ValueError(key)
@classmethod
def from_vk(cls, vk, **kwargs):
"""Creates a key from a virtual key code.
:param vk: The virtual key code.
:param kwargs: Any other parameters to pass.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls(vk=vk, **kwargs)
@classmethod
def from_char(cls, char, **kwargs):
"""Creates a key from a character.
:param str char: The character.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls(char=char, **kwargs)
@classmethod
def from_dead(cls, char, **kwargs):
"""Creates a dead key.
:param char: The dead key. This should be the unicode character
representing the stand alone character, such as ``'~'`` for
*COMBINING TILDE*.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls(char=char, is_dead=True, **kwargs)
class Key(enum.Enum):
"""A class representing various buttons that may not correspond to
letters. This includes modifier keys and function keys.
The actual values for these items differ between platforms. Some platforms
may have additional buttons, but these are guaranteed to be present
everywhere.
"""
#: A generic Alt key. This is a modifier.
alt = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The left Alt key. This is a modifier.
alt_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The right Alt key. This is a modifier.
alt_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The AltGr key. This is a modifier.
alt_gr = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Backspace key.
backspace = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The CapsLock key.
caps_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A generic command button. On *PC* platforms, this corresponds to the
#: Super key or Windows key, and on *Mac* it corresponds to the Command
#: key. This may be a modifier.
cmd = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The left command button. On *PC* platforms, this corresponds to the
#: Super key or Windows key, and on *Mac* it corresponds to the Command
#: key. This may be a modifier.
cmd_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The right command button. On *PC* platforms, this corresponds to the
#: Super key or Windows key, and on *Mac* it corresponds to the Command
#: key. This may be a modifier.
cmd_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A generic Ctrl key. This is a modifier.
ctrl = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The left Ctrl key. This is a modifier.
ctrl_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The right Ctrl key. This is a modifier.
ctrl_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Delete key.
delete = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A down arrow key.
down = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The End key.
end = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Enter or Return key.
enter = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Esc key.
esc = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The function keys. F1 to F20 are defined.
f1 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f2 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f3 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f4 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f5 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f6 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f7 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f8 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f9 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f10 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f11 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f12 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f13 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f14 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f15 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f16 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f17 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f18 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f19 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
f20 = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Home key.
home = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A left arrow key.
left = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The PageDown key.
page_down = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The PageUp key.
page_up = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A right arrow key.
right = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: A generic Shift key. This is a modifier.
shift = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The left Shift key. This is a modifier.
shift_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The right Shift key. This is a modifier.
shift_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Space key.
space = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Tab key.
tab = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: An up arrow key.
up = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The play/pause toggle.
media_play_pause = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The volume mute button.
media_volume_mute = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The volume down button.
media_volume_down = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The volume up button.
media_volume_up = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The previous track button.
media_previous = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The next track button.
media_next = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Insert key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
insert = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Menu key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
menu = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The NumLock key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
num_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The Pause/Break key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
pause = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The PrintScreen key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
print_screen = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
#: The ScrollLock key. This may be undefined for some platforms.
scroll_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(0)
class Controller(object):
"""A controller for sending virtual keyboard events to the system.
"""
#: The virtual key codes
_KeyCode = KeyCode
#: The various keys.
_Key = Key
class InvalidKeyException(Exception):
"""The exception raised when an invalid ``key`` parameter is passed to
either :meth:`Controller.press` or :meth:`Controller.release`.
Its first argument is the ``key`` parameter.
"""
pass
class InvalidCharacterException(Exception):
"""The exception raised when an invalid character is encountered in
the string passed to :meth:`Controller.type`.
Its first argument is the index of the character in the string, and the
second the character.
"""
pass
def __init__(self):
self._log = _logger(self.__class__)
self._modifiers_lock = threading.RLock()
self._modifiers = set()
self._caps_lock = False
self._dead_key = None
def press(self, key):
"""Presses a key.
A key may be either a string of length 1, one of the :class:`Key`
members or a :class:`KeyCode`.
Strings will be transformed to :class:`KeyCode` using
:meth:`KeyCode.char`. Members of :class:`Key` will be translated to
their :meth:`~Key.value`.
:param key: The key to press.
:raises InvalidKeyException: if the key is invalid
:raises ValueError: if ``key`` is a string, but its length is not ``1``
"""
resolved = self._resolve(key)
if resolved is None:
raise self.InvalidKeyException(key)
self._update_modifiers(resolved, True)
# Update caps lock state
if resolved == self._Key.caps_lock.value:
self._caps_lock = not self._caps_lock
# If we currently have a dead key pressed, join it with this key
original = resolved
if self._dead_key:
try:
resolved = self._dead_key.join(resolved)
except ValueError:
self._handle(self._dead_key, True)
self._handle(self._dead_key, False)
# If the key is a dead key, keep it for later
if resolved.is_dead:
self._dead_key = resolved
return
try:
self._handle(resolved, True)
except self.InvalidKeyException:
if resolved != original:
self._handle(self._dead_key, True)
self._handle(self._dead_key, False)
self._handle(original, True)
self._dead_key = None
def release(self, key):
"""Releases a key.
A key may be either a string of length 1, one of the :class:`Key`
members or a :class:`KeyCode`.
Strings will be transformed to :class:`KeyCode` using
:meth:`KeyCode.char`. Members of :class:`Key` will be translated to
their :meth:`~Key.value`.
:param key: The key to release. If this is a string, it is passed to
:meth:`touches` and the returned releases are used.
:raises InvalidKeyException: if the key is invalid
:raises ValueError: if ``key`` is a string, but its length is not ``1``
"""
resolved = self._resolve(key)
if resolved is None:
raise self.InvalidKeyException(key)
self._update_modifiers(resolved, False)
# Ignore released dead keys
if resolved.is_dead:
return
self._handle(resolved, False)
def tap(self, key):
"""Presses and releases a key.
This is equivalent to the following code::
controller.press(key)
controller.release(key)
:param key: The key to press.
:raises InvalidKeyException: if the key is invalid
:raises ValueError: if ``key`` is a string, but its length is not ``1``
"""
self.press(key)
self.release(key)
def touch(self, key, is_press):
"""Calls either :meth:`press` or :meth:`release` depending on the value
of ``is_press``.
:param key: The key to press or release.
:param bool is_press: Whether to press the key.
:raises InvalidKeyException: if the key is invalid
"""
if is_press:
self.press(key)
else:
self.release(key)
@contextlib.contextmanager
def pressed(self, *args):
"""Executes a block with some keys pressed.
:param keys: The keys to keep pressed.
"""
for key in args:
self.press(key)
try:
yield
finally:
for key in reversed(args):
self.release(key)
def type(self, string):
"""Types a string.
This method will send all key presses and releases necessary to type
all characters in the string.
:param str string: The string to type.
:raises InvalidCharacterException: if an untypable character is
encountered
"""
from . import _CONTROL_CODES
for i, character in enumerate(string):
key = _CONTROL_CODES.get(character, character)
try:
self.press(key)
self.release(key)
except (ValueError, self.InvalidKeyException):
raise self.InvalidCharacterException(i, character)
@property
@contextlib.contextmanager
def modifiers(self):
"""The currently pressed modifier keys.
Please note that this reflects only the internal state of this
controller, and not the state of the operating system keyboard buffer.
This property cannot be used to determine whether a key is physically
pressed.
Only the generic modifiers will be set; when pressing either
:attr:`Key.shift_l`, :attr:`Key.shift_r` or :attr:`Key.shift`, only
:attr:`Key.shift` will be present.
Use this property within a context block thus::
with controller.modifiers as modifiers:
with_block()
This ensures that the modifiers cannot be modified by another thread.
"""
with self._modifiers_lock:
yield set(
self._as_modifier(modifier)
for modifier in self._modifiers)
@property
def alt_pressed(self):
"""Whether any *alt* key is pressed.
Please note that this reflects only the internal state of this
controller. See :attr:`modifiers` for more information.
"""
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
return self._Key.alt in modifiers
@property
def alt_gr_pressed(self):
"""Whether *altgr* is pressed.
Please note that this reflects only the internal state of this
controller. See :attr:`modifiers` for more information.
"""
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
return self._Key.alt_gr in modifiers
@property
def ctrl_pressed(self):
"""Whether any *ctrl* key is pressed.
Please note that this reflects only the internal state of this
controller. See :attr:`modifiers` for more information.
"""
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
return self._Key.ctrl in modifiers
@property
def shift_pressed(self):
"""Whether any *shift* key is pressed, or *caps lock* is toggled.
Please note that this reflects only the internal state of this
controller. See :attr:`modifiers` for more information.
"""
if self._caps_lock:
return True
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
return self._Key.shift in modifiers
def _resolve(self, key):
"""Resolves a key to a :class:`KeyCode` instance.
This method will convert any key representing a character to uppercase
if a shift modifier is active.
:param key: The key to resolve.
:return: a key code, or ``None`` if it cannot be resolved
"""
# Use the value for the key constants
if key in (k for k in self._Key):
return key.value
# Convert strings to key codes
if isinstance(key, six.string_types):
if len(key) != 1:
raise ValueError(key)
return self._KeyCode.from_char(key)
# Assume this is a proper key
if isinstance(key, self._KeyCode):
if key.char is not None and self.shift_pressed:
return self._KeyCode(vk=key.vk, char=key.char.upper())
else:
return key
def _update_modifiers(self, key, is_press):
"""Updates the current modifier list.
If ``key`` is not a modifier, no action is taken.
:param key: The key being pressed or released.
"""
# Check whether the key is a modifier
if self._as_modifier(key):
with self._modifiers_lock:
if is_press:
self._modifiers.add(key)
else:
try:
self._modifiers.remove(key)
except KeyError:
pass
def _as_modifier(self, key):
"""Returns a key as the modifier used internally if defined.
This method will convert values like :attr:`Key.alt_r.value` and
:attr:`Key.shift_l.value` to :attr:`Key.alt` and :attr:`Key.shift`.
:param key: The possible modifier key.
:return: the base modifier key, or ``None`` if ``key`` is not a
modifier
"""
from . import _NORMAL_MODIFIERS
return _NORMAL_MODIFIERS.get(key, None)
def _handle(self, key, is_press):
"""The platform implementation of the actual emitting of keyboard
events.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
:param Key key: The key to handle.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a key press event.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
# pylint: disable=W0223; This is also an abstract class
class Listener(AbstractListener):
"""A listener for keyboard events.
Instances of this class can be used as context managers. This is equivalent
to the following code::
listener.start()
try:
listener.wait()
with_statements()
finally:
listener.stop()
This class inherits from :class:`threading.Thread` and supports all its
methods. It will set :attr:`daemon` to ``True`` when created.
All callback arguments are optional; a callback may take less arguments
than actually passed, but not more, unless they are optional.
:param callable on_press: The callback to call when a button is pressed.
It will be called with the arguments ``(key, injected)``, where ``key``
is a :class:`KeyCode`, a :class:`Key` or ``None`` if the key is
unknown, and ``injected`` whether the event was injected and thus not
generated by an actual input device.
Please note that not all backends support ``injected`` and will always
set it to ``False``.
:param callable on_release: The callback to call when a button is released.
It will be called with the arguments ``(key, injected)``, where ``key``
is a :class:`KeyCode`, a :class:`Key` or ``None`` if the key is
unknown, and ``injected`` whether the event was injected and thus not
generated by an actual input device.
Please note that not all backends support ``injected`` and will always
set it to ``False``.
:param bool suppress: Whether to suppress events. Setting this to ``True``
will prevent the input events from being passed to the rest of the
system.
:param kwargs: Any non-standard platform dependent options. These should be
prefixed with the platform name thus: ``darwin_``, ``uinput_``,
``xorg_`` or ``win32_``.
Supported values are:
``darwin_intercept``
A callable taking the arguments ``(event_type, event)``, where
``event_type`` is ``Quartz.kCGEventKeyDown`` or
``Quartz.kCGEventKeyUp``, and ``event`` is a ``CGEventRef``.
This callable can freely modify the event using functions like
``Quartz.CGEventSetIntegerValueField``. If this callable does not
return the event, the event is suppressed system wide.
``uinput_device_paths``
A list of device paths.
If this is specified, *pynput* will limit the number of devices
checked for the capabilities needed to those passed, otherwise all
system devices will be used. Passing this might be required if an
incorrect device is chosen.
``win32_event_filter``
A callable taking the arguments ``(msg, data)``, where ``msg`` is
the current message, and ``data`` associated data as a
`KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/api/winuser/ns-winuser-kbdllhookstruct>`_.
If this callback returns ``False``, the event will not be
propagated to the listener callback.
If ``self.suppress_event()`` is called, the event is suppressed
system wide.
"""
def __init__(self, on_press=None, on_release=None, suppress=False,
**kwargs):
self._log = _logger(self.__class__)
option_prefix = prefix(Listener, self.__class__)
self._options = {
key[len(option_prefix):]: value
for key, value in kwargs.items()
if key.startswith(option_prefix)}
super(Listener, self).__init__(
on_press=self._wrap(on_press, 2),
on_release=self._wrap(on_release, 2),
suppress=suppress)
# pylint: enable=W0223
def canonical(self, key):
"""Performs normalisation of a key.
This method attempts to convert key events to their canonical form, so
that events will equal regardless of modifier state.
This method will convert upper case keys to lower case keys, convert
any modifiers with a right and left version to the same value, and may
slow perform additional platform dependent normalisation.
:param key: The key to normalise.
:type key: Key or KeyCode
:return: a key
:rtype: Key or KeyCode
"""
from pynput.keyboard import Key, KeyCode, _NORMAL_MODIFIERS
if isinstance(key, KeyCode) and key.char is not None:
return KeyCode.from_char(key.char.lower())
elif isinstance(key, Key) and key.value in _NORMAL_MODIFIERS:
return _NORMAL_MODIFIERS[key.value]
elif isinstance(key, Key) and key.value.vk is not None:
return KeyCode.from_vk(key.value.vk)
else:
return key

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@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The keyboard implementation for *macOS*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import enum
from Quartz import (
CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent,
CGEventGetFlags,
CGEventGetIntegerValueField,
CGEventGetType,
CGEventKeyboardGetUnicodeString,
CGEventKeyboardSetUnicodeString,
CGEventMaskBit,
CGEventPost,
CGEventSetFlags,
kCGEventFlagMaskAlternate,
kCGEventFlagMaskCommand,
kCGEventFlagMaskControl,
kCGEventFlagMaskShift,
kCGEventFlagsChanged,
kCGEventKeyDown,
kCGEventKeyUp,
kCGHIDEventTap,
kCGKeyboardEventKeycode,
NSEvent,
NSSystemDefined)
from pynput._util.darwin import (
get_unicode_to_keycode_map,
keycode_context,
ListenerMixin)
from pynput._util.darwin_vks import SYMBOLS
from . import _base
# From hidsystem/ev_keymap.h
NX_KEYTYPE_PLAY = 16
NX_KEYTYPE_MUTE = 7
NX_KEYTYPE_SOUND_DOWN = 1
NX_KEYTYPE_SOUND_UP = 0
NX_KEYTYPE_NEXT = 17
NX_KEYTYPE_PREVIOUS = 18
NX_KEYTYPE_EJECT = 14
# pylint: disable=C0103; We want to use the names from the C API
# This is undocumented, but still widely known
kSystemDefinedEventMediaKeysSubtype = 8
# We extract this here since the name is very long
otherEventWithType = getattr(
NSEvent,
'otherEventWithType_'
'location_'
'modifierFlags_'
'timestamp_'
'windowNumber_'
'context_'
'subtype_'
'data1_'
'data2_')
# pylint: enable=C0103
class KeyCode(_base.KeyCode):
_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS = (
# Whether this is a media key
'_is_media',
)
# Be explicit about fields
_is_media = None
@classmethod
def _from_media(cls, vk, **kwargs):
"""Creates a media key from a key code.
:param int vk: The key code.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls.from_vk(vk, _is_media=True, **kwargs)
def _event(self, modifiers, mapping, is_pressed):
"""This key as a *Quartz* event.
:param set modifiers: The currently active modifiers.
:param mapping: The current keyboard mapping.
:param bool is_press: Whether to generate a press event.
:return: a *Quartz* event
"""
vk = self.vk or mapping.get(self.char)
if self._is_media:
result = otherEventWithType(
NSSystemDefined,
(0, 0),
0xa00 if is_pressed else 0xb00,
0,
0,
0,
8,
(self.vk << 16) | ((0xa if is_pressed else 0xb) << 8),
-1).CGEvent()
else:
result = CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(
None, 0 if vk is None else vk, is_pressed)
CGEventSetFlags(
result,
0
| (kCGEventFlagMaskAlternate
if Key.alt in modifiers else 0)
| (kCGEventFlagMaskCommand
if Key.cmd in modifiers else 0)
| (kCGEventFlagMaskControl
if Key.ctrl in modifiers else 0)
| (kCGEventFlagMaskShift
if Key.shift in modifiers else 0))
if vk is None and self.char is not None:
CGEventKeyboardSetUnicodeString(
result, len(self.char), self.char)
return result
# pylint: disable=W0212
class Key(enum.Enum):
# Default keys
alt = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3A)
alt_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3A)
alt_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3D)
alt_gr = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3D)
backspace = KeyCode.from_vk(0x33)
caps_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(0x39)
cmd = KeyCode.from_vk(0x37)
cmd_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0x37)
cmd_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0x36)
ctrl = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3B)
ctrl_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3B)
ctrl_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3E)
delete = KeyCode.from_vk(0x75)
down = KeyCode.from_vk(0x7D)
end = KeyCode.from_vk(0x77)
enter = KeyCode.from_vk(0x24)
esc = KeyCode.from_vk(0x35)
f1 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x7A)
f2 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x78)
f3 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x63)
f4 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x76)
f5 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x60)
f6 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x61)
f7 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x62)
f8 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x64)
f9 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x65)
f10 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x6D)
f11 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x67)
f12 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x6F)
f13 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x69)
f14 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x6B)
f15 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x71)
f16 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x6A)
f17 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x40)
f18 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x4F)
f19 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x50)
f20 = KeyCode.from_vk(0x5A)
home = KeyCode.from_vk(0x73)
left = KeyCode.from_vk(0x7B)
page_down = KeyCode.from_vk(0x79)
page_up = KeyCode.from_vk(0x74)
right = KeyCode.from_vk(0x7C)
shift = KeyCode.from_vk(0x38)
shift_l = KeyCode.from_vk(0x38)
shift_r = KeyCode.from_vk(0x3C)
space = KeyCode.from_vk(0x31, char=' ')
tab = KeyCode.from_vk(0x30)
up = KeyCode.from_vk(0x7E)
media_play_pause = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_PLAY)
media_volume_mute = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_MUTE)
media_volume_down = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_SOUND_DOWN)
media_volume_up = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_SOUND_UP)
media_previous = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_PREVIOUS)
media_next = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_NEXT)
media_eject = KeyCode._from_media(NX_KEYTYPE_EJECT)
# pylint: enable=W0212
class Controller(_base.Controller):
_KeyCode = KeyCode
_Key = Key
def __init__(self):
super(Controller, self).__init__()
self._mapping = get_unicode_to_keycode_map()
def _handle(self, key, is_press):
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
CGEventPost(
kCGHIDEventTap,
(key if key not in (k for k in Key) else key.value)._event(
modifiers, self._mapping, is_press))
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
#: The events that we listen to
_EVENTS = (
CGEventMaskBit(kCGEventKeyDown) |
CGEventMaskBit(kCGEventKeyUp) |
CGEventMaskBit(kCGEventFlagsChanged) |
CGEventMaskBit(NSSystemDefined)
)
# pylint: disable=W0212
#: A mapping from keysym to special key
_SPECIAL_KEYS = {
(key.value.vk, key.value._is_media): key
for key in Key}
# pylint: enable=W0212
#: The event flags set for the various modifier keys
_MODIFIER_FLAGS = {
Key.alt: kCGEventFlagMaskAlternate,
Key.alt_l: kCGEventFlagMaskAlternate,
Key.alt_r: kCGEventFlagMaskAlternate,
Key.cmd: kCGEventFlagMaskCommand,
Key.cmd_l: kCGEventFlagMaskCommand,
Key.cmd_r: kCGEventFlagMaskCommand,
Key.ctrl: kCGEventFlagMaskControl,
Key.ctrl_l: kCGEventFlagMaskControl,
Key.ctrl_r: kCGEventFlagMaskControl,
Key.shift: kCGEventFlagMaskShift,
Key.shift_l: kCGEventFlagMaskShift,
Key.shift_r: kCGEventFlagMaskShift}
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._flags = 0
self._context = None
self._intercept = self._options.get(
'intercept',
None)
def _run(self):
with keycode_context() as context:
self._context = context
try:
super(Listener, self)._run()
finally:
self._context = None
def _handle_message(self, _proxy, event_type, event, _refcon, injected):
# Convert the event to a KeyCode; this may fail, and in that case we
# pass None
try:
key = self._event_to_key(event)
except IndexError:
key = None
try:
if event_type == kCGEventKeyDown:
# This is a normal key press
self.on_press(key, injected)
elif event_type == kCGEventKeyUp:
# This is a normal key release
self.on_release(key, injected)
elif key == Key.caps_lock:
# We only get an event when caps lock is toggled, so we fake
# press and release
self.on_press(key, injected)
self.on_release(key, injected)
elif event_type == NSSystemDefined:
sys_event = NSEvent.eventWithCGEvent_(event)
if sys_event.subtype() == kSystemDefinedEventMediaKeysSubtype:
# The key in the special key dict; True since it is a media
# key
key = ((sys_event.data1() & 0xffff0000) >> 16, True)
if key in self._SPECIAL_KEYS:
flags = sys_event.data1() & 0x0000ffff
is_press = ((flags & 0xff00) >> 8) == 0x0a
if is_press:
self.on_press(self._SPECIAL_KEYS[key])
else:
self.on_release(self._SPECIAL_KEYS[key])
else:
# This is a modifier event---excluding caps lock---for which we
# must check the current modifier state to determine whether
# the key was pressed or released
flags = CGEventGetFlags(event)
is_press = flags & self._MODIFIER_FLAGS.get(key, 0)
if is_press:
self.on_press(key, injected)
else:
self.on_release(key, injected)
finally:
# Store the current flag mask to be able to detect modifier state
# changes
self._flags = CGEventGetFlags(event)
def _event_to_key(self, event):
"""Converts a *Quartz* event to a :class:`KeyCode`.
:param event: The event to convert.
:return: a :class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`
:raises IndexError: if the key code is invalid
"""
vk = CGEventGetIntegerValueField(
event, kCGKeyboardEventKeycode)
event_type = CGEventGetType(event)
is_media = True if event_type == NSSystemDefined else None
# First try special keys...
key = (vk, is_media)
if key in self._SPECIAL_KEYS:
return self._SPECIAL_KEYS[key]
# ...then try characters...
length, chars = CGEventKeyboardGetUnicodeString(
event, 100, None, None)
try:
printable = chars.isprintable()
except AttributeError:
printable = chars.isalnum()
if not printable and vk in SYMBOLS \
and CGEventGetFlags(event) \
& kCGEventFlagMaskControl:
return KeyCode.from_char(SYMBOLS[vk], vk=vk)
elif length > 0:
return KeyCode.from_char(chars, vk=vk)
# ...and fall back on a virtual key code
return KeyCode.from_vk(vk)

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@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
This module contains a dummy implementation.
It cannot be used, but importing it will not raise any exceptions.
"""
from ._base import Controller, Key, KeyCode, Listener

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@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The keyboard implementation for *uinput*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import enum
import errno
import functools
import os
import re
import subprocess
import evdev
from evdev.events import KeyEvent
from pynput._util import xorg_keysyms
from pynput._util.uinput import ListenerMixin
from . import _base
class KeyCode(_base.KeyCode):
_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS = (
# The name for this key
'_x_name',
'_kernel_name',
)
# Be explicit about fields
_x_name = None
_kernel_name = None
# pylint: enable=W0212
@classmethod
def _from_name(cls, x_name, kernel_name, **kwargs):
"""Creates a key from a name.
:param str x_name: The X name.
:param str kernel_name: The kernel name.
:return: a key code
"""
try:
vk = getattr(evdev.ecodes, kernel_name)
except AttributeError:
vk = None
return cls.from_vk(
vk, _x_name=x_name, _kernel_name=kernel_name, **kwargs)
# pylint: disable=W0212
class Key(enum.Enum):
alt = KeyCode._from_name('Alt_L', 'KEY_LEFTALT')
alt_l = KeyCode._from_name('Alt_L', 'KEY_LEFTALT')
alt_r = KeyCode._from_name('Alt_R', 'KEY_RIGHTALT')
alt_gr = KeyCode._from_name('Mode_switch', 'KEY_RIGHTALT')
backspace = KeyCode._from_name('BackSpace', 'KEY_BACKSPACE')
caps_lock = KeyCode._from_name('Caps_Lock', 'KEY_CAPSLOCK')
cmd = KeyCode._from_name('Super_L', 'KEY_LEFTMETA')
cmd_l = KeyCode._from_name('Super_L', 'KEY_LEFTMETA')
cmd_r = KeyCode._from_name('Super_R', 'KEY_RIGHTMETA')
ctrl = KeyCode._from_name('Control_L', 'KEY_LEFTCTRL')
ctrl_l = KeyCode._from_name('Control_L', 'KEY_LEFTCTRL')
ctrl_r = KeyCode._from_name('Control_R', 'KEY_RIGHTCTRL')
delete = KeyCode._from_name('Delete', 'KEY_DELETE')
down = KeyCode._from_name('Down', 'KEY_DOWN')
end = KeyCode._from_name('End', 'KEY_END')
enter = KeyCode._from_name('Return', 'KEY_ENTER')
esc = KeyCode._from_name('Escape', 'KEY_ESC')
f1 = KeyCode._from_name('F1', 'KEY_F1')
f2 = KeyCode._from_name('F2', 'KEY_F2')
f3 = KeyCode._from_name('F3', 'KEY_F3')
f4 = KeyCode._from_name('F4', 'KEY_F4')
f5 = KeyCode._from_name('F5', 'KEY_F5')
f6 = KeyCode._from_name('F6', 'KEY_F6')
f7 = KeyCode._from_name('F7', 'KEY_F7')
f8 = KeyCode._from_name('F8', 'KEY_F8')
f9 = KeyCode._from_name('F9', 'KEY_F9')
f10 = KeyCode._from_name('F10', 'KEY_F10')
f11 = KeyCode._from_name('F11', 'KEY_F11')
f12 = KeyCode._from_name('F12', 'KEY_F12')
f13 = KeyCode._from_name('F13', 'KEY_F13')
f14 = KeyCode._from_name('F14', 'KEY_F14')
f15 = KeyCode._from_name('F15', 'KEY_F15')
f16 = KeyCode._from_name('F16', 'KEY_F16')
f17 = KeyCode._from_name('F17', 'KEY_F17')
f18 = KeyCode._from_name('F18', 'KEY_F18')
f19 = KeyCode._from_name('F19', 'KEY_F19')
f20 = KeyCode._from_name('F20', 'KEY_F20')
home = KeyCode._from_name('Home', 'KEY_HOME')
left = KeyCode._from_name('Left', 'KEY_LEFT')
page_down = KeyCode._from_name('Page_Down', 'KEY_PAGEDOWN')
page_up = KeyCode._from_name('Page_Up', 'KEY_PAGEUP')
right = KeyCode._from_name('Right', 'KEY_RIGHT')
shift = KeyCode._from_name('Shift_L', 'KEY_LEFTSHIFT')
shift_l = KeyCode._from_name('Shift_L', 'KEY_LEFTSHIFT')
shift_r = KeyCode._from_name('Shift_R', 'KEY_RIGHTSHIFT')
space = KeyCode._from_name('space', 'KEY_SPACE', char=' ')
tab = KeyCode._from_name('Tab', 'KEY_TAB', char='\t')
up = KeyCode._from_name('Up', 'KEY_UP')
media_play_pause = KeyCode._from_name('Play', 'KEY_PLAYPAUSE')
media_volume_mute = KeyCode._from_name('Mute', 'KEY_MUTE')
media_volume_down = KeyCode._from_name('LowerVolume', 'KEY_VOLUMEDOWN')
media_volume_up = KeyCode._from_name('RaiseVolume', 'KEY_VOLUMEUP')
media_previous = KeyCode._from_name('Prev', 'KEY_PREVIOUSSONG')
media_next = KeyCode._from_name('Next', 'KEY_NEXTSONG')
insert = KeyCode._from_name('Insert', 'KEY_INSERT')
menu = KeyCode._from_name('Menu', 'KEY_MENU')
num_lock = KeyCode._from_name('Num_Lock', 'KEY_NUMLOCK')
pause = KeyCode._from_name('Pause', 'KEY_PAUSE')
print_screen = KeyCode._from_name('Print', 'KEY_SYSRQ')
scroll_lock = KeyCode._from_name('Scroll_Lock', 'KEY_SCROLLLOCK')
# pylint: enable=W0212
class Layout(object):
"""A description of the keyboard layout.
"""
#: A regular expression to parse keycodes in the dumpkeys output
#:
#: The groups are: keycode number, key names.
KEYCODE_RE = re.compile(
r'keycode\s+(\d+)\s+=(.*)')
class Key(object):
"""A key in a keyboard layout.
"""
def __init__(self, normal, shifted, alt, alt_shifted):
self._values = (
normal,
shifted,
alt,
alt_shifted)
def __str__(self):
return ('<'
'normal: {}, '
'shifted: {}, '
'alternative: {}, '
'shifted alternative: {}>').format(
self.normal, self.shifted, self.alt, self.alt_shifted)
__repr__ = __str__
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._values)
def __getitem__(self, i):
return self._values[i]
@property
def normal(self):
"""The normal key.
"""
return self._values[0]
@property
def shifted(self):
"""The shifted key.
"""
return self._values[1]
@property
def alt(self):
"""The alternative key.
"""
return self._values[2]
@property
def alt_shifted(self):
"""The shifted alternative key.
"""
return self._values[3]
def __init__(self):
def as_char(k):
return k.value.char if isinstance(k, Key) else k.char
self._vk_table = self._load()
self._char_table = {
as_char(key): (
vk,
set()
| {Key.shift} if i & 1 else set()
| {Key.alt_gr} if i & 2 else set())
for vk, keys in self._vk_table.items()
for i, key in enumerate(keys)
if key is not None and as_char(key) is not None}
def for_vk(self, vk, modifiers):
"""Reads a key for a virtual key code and modifier state.
:param int vk: The virtual key code.
:param set modifiers: A set of modifiers.
:return: a mapped key
:raises KeyError: if ``vk`` is an unknown key
"""
return self._vk_table[vk][
0
| (1 if Key.shift in modifiers else 0)
| (2 if Key.alt_gr in modifiers else 0)]
def for_char(self, char):
"""Reads a virtual key code and modifier state for a character.
:param str char: The character.
:return: the tuple ``(vk, modifiers)``
:raises KeyError: if ``vk`` is an unknown key
"""
return self._char_table[char]
@functools.lru_cache()
def _load(self):
"""Loads the keyboard layout.
For simplicity, we call out to the ``dumpkeys`` binary. In the future,
we may want to implement this ourselves.
"""
result = {}
for keycode, names in self.KEYCODE_RE.findall(
subprocess.check_output(
['dumpkeys', '--full-table', '--keys-only']).decode('utf-8')):
vk = int(keycode)
keys = tuple(
self._parse(vk, name)
for name in names.split()[:4])
if any(key is not None for key in keys):
result[vk] = self.Key(*keys)
return result
def _parse(self, vk, name):
"""Parses a single key from the ``dumpkeys`` output.
:param int vk: The key code.
:param str name: The key name.
:return: a key representation
"""
try:
# First try special keys...
return next(
key
for key in Key
if key.value._x_name == name)
except StopIteration:
# ...then characters...
try:
_, char = xorg_keysyms.SYMBOLS[name.lstrip('+')]
if char:
return KeyCode.from_char(char, vk=vk)
except KeyError:
pass
# ...and finally special dumpkeys names
try:
return KeyCode.from_char({
'one': '1',
'two': '2',
'three': '3',
'four': '4',
'five': '5',
'six': '6',
'seven': '7',
'eight': '8',
'nine': '9',
'zero': '0'}[name])
except KeyError:
pass
class Controller(_base.Controller):
_KeyCode = KeyCode
_Key = Key
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._layout = LAYOUT
self._dev = evdev.UInput()
def __del__(self):
if hasattr(self, '_dev'):
self._dev.close()
def _handle(self, key, is_press):
# Resolve the key to a virtual key code and a possible set of required
# modifiers
try:
vk, required_modifiers = self._to_vk_and_modifiers(key)
except ValueError:
raise self.InvalidKeyException(key)
# Determine how we need to modify the modifier state
if is_press and required_modifiers is not None:
with self.modifiers as modifiers:
vk, required_modifiers = self._layout.for_char(key.char)
to_press = {
getattr(evdev.ecodes, key.value._kernel_name)
for key in (required_modifiers - modifiers)}
to_release = {
getattr(evdev.ecodes, key.value._kernel_name)
for key in (modifiers - required_modifiers)}
else:
to_release = set()
to_press = set()
# Update the modifier state, send the key, and finally release any
# modifiers
cleanup = []
try:
for k in to_release:
self._send(k, False)
cleanup.append((k, True))
for k in to_press:
self._send(k, True)
cleanup.append((k, False))
self._send(vk, is_press)
finally:
for e in reversed(cleanup):
# pylint: disable E722; we want to suppress exceptions
try:
self._send(*e)
except:
pass
# pylint: enable E722
self._dev.syn()
def _to_vk_and_modifiers(self, key):
"""Resolves a key to a virtual key code and a modifier set.
:param key: The key to resolve.
:type key: Key or KeyCode
:return: a virtual key code and possible required modifiers
"""
if hasattr(key, 'vk') and key.vk is not None:
return (key.vk, None)
elif hasattr(key, 'char') and key.char is not None:
return self._layout.for_char(key.char)
else:
raise ValueError(key)
def _send(self, vk, is_press):
"""Sends a virtual key event.
This method does not perform ``SYN``.
:param int vk: The virtual key.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a press event.
"""
self._dev.write(evdev.ecodes.EV_KEY, vk, int(is_press))
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
_EVENTS = (
evdev.ecodes.EV_KEY,)
#: A
_MODIFIERS = {
Key.alt.value.vk: Key.alt,
Key.alt_l.value.vk: Key.alt,
Key.alt_r.value.vk: Key.alt,
Key.alt_gr.value.vk: Key.alt_gr,
Key.shift.value.vk: Key.shift,
Key.shift_l.value.vk: Key.shift,
Key.shift_r.value.vk: Key.shift}
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._layout = LAYOUT
self._modifiers = set()
def _handle_message(self, event):
is_press = event.value in (KeyEvent.key_down, KeyEvent.key_hold)
vk = event.code
# Update the modifier state
if vk in self._MODIFIERS:
modifier = self._MODIFIERS[vk]
if is_press:
self._modifiers.add(modifier)
elif modifier in self._modifiers:
self._modifiers.remove(modifier)
# Attempt to map the virtual key code to a key
try:
key = self._layout.for_vk(vk, self._modifiers)
except KeyError:
try:
key = next(
key
for key in Key
if key.value.vk == vk)
except StopIteration:
key = KeyCode.from_vk(vk)
# We do not know whether these events are injected
if is_press:
self.on_press(key, False)
else:
self.on_release(key, False)
try:
#: The keyboard layout.
LAYOUT = Layout()
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
raise ImportError('failed to load keyboard layout: "' + str(e) + (
'"; please make sure you are root' if os.getuid() != 1 else '"'))
except OSError as e:
raise ImportError({
errno.ENOENT: 'the binary dumpkeys is not installed'}.get(
e.args[0],
str(e)))

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The keyboard implementation for *Windows*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import contextlib
import ctypes
import enum
import six
from ctypes import wintypes
import pynput._util.win32_vks as VK
from pynput._util import AbstractListener
from pynput._util.win32 import (
INPUT,
INPUT_union,
KEYBDINPUT,
KeyTranslator,
ListenerMixin,
MapVirtualKey,
SendInput,
SystemHook,
VkKeyScan)
from . import _base
class KeyCode(_base.KeyCode):
_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS = (
# Any extra flags.
'_flags',
#: The scan code.
'_scan',
)
# Be explicit about fields
_flags = None
_scan = None
def _parameters(self, is_press):
"""The parameters to pass to ``SendInput`` to generate this key.
:param bool is_press: Whether to generate a press event.
:return: all arguments to pass to ``SendInput`` for this key
:rtype: dict
:raise ValueError: if this key is a unicode character that cannot be
represented by a single UTF-16 value
"""
if self.vk:
vk = self.vk
scan = self._scan \
or MapVirtualKey(vk, MapVirtualKey.MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC)
flags = 0
elif ord(self.char) > 0xFFFF:
raise ValueError
else:
res = VkKeyScan(self.char)
if (res >> 8) & 0xFF == 0:
vk = res & 0xFF
scan = self._scan \
or MapVirtualKey(vk, MapVirtualKey.MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC)
flags = 0
else:
vk = 0
scan = ord(self.char)
flags = KEYBDINPUT.UNICODE
state_flags = (KEYBDINPUT.KEYUP if not is_press else 0)
return dict(
dwFlags=(self._flags or 0) | flags | state_flags,
wVk=vk,
wScan=scan)
@classmethod
def _from_ext(cls, vk, **kwargs):
"""Creates an extended key code.
:param vk: The virtual key code.
:param kwargs: Any other parameters to pass.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls.from_vk(vk, _flags=KEYBDINPUT.EXTENDEDKEY, **kwargs)
# pylint: disable=W0212
class Key(enum.Enum):
alt = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.MENU)
alt_l = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LMENU)
alt_r = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.RMENU)
alt_gr = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.RMENU)
backspace = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.BACK)
caps_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.CAPITAL)
cmd = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LWIN)
cmd_l = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LWIN)
cmd_r = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.RWIN)
ctrl = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.CONTROL)
ctrl_l = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LCONTROL)
ctrl_r = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.RCONTROL)
delete = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.DELETE)
down = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.DOWN)
end = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.END)
enter = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.RETURN)
esc = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.ESCAPE)
f1 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F1)
f2 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F2)
f3 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F3)
f4 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F4)
f5 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F5)
f6 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F6)
f7 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F7)
f8 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F8)
f9 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F9)
f10 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F10)
f11 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F11)
f12 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F12)
f13 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F13)
f14 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F14)
f15 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F15)
f16 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F16)
f17 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F17)
f18 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F18)
f19 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F19)
f20 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F20)
f21 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F21)
f22 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F22)
f23 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F23)
f24 = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.F24)
home = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.HOME)
left = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.LEFT)
page_down = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.NEXT)
page_up = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.PRIOR)
right = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.RIGHT)
shift = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LSHIFT)
shift_l = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.LSHIFT)
shift_r = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.RSHIFT)
space = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.SPACE, char=' ')
tab = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.TAB)
up = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.UP)
media_play_pause = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE)
media_stop = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.MEDIA_STOP)
media_volume_mute = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.VOLUME_MUTE)
media_volume_down = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.VOLUME_DOWN)
media_volume_up = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.VOLUME_UP)
media_previous = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.MEDIA_PREV_TRACK)
media_next = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK)
insert = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.INSERT)
menu = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.APPS)
num_lock = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.NUMLOCK)
pause = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.PAUSE)
print_screen = KeyCode._from_ext(VK.SNAPSHOT)
scroll_lock = KeyCode.from_vk(VK.SCROLL)
# pylint: enable=W0212
class Controller(_base.Controller):
_KeyCode = KeyCode
_Key = Key
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _handle(self, key, is_press):
try:
SendInput(
1,
ctypes.byref(INPUT(
type=INPUT.KEYBOARD,
value=INPUT_union(
ki=KEYBDINPUT(**key._parameters(is_press))))),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
except ValueError:
# If key._parameters raises ValueError, the key is a unicode
# characters outsice of the range of a single UTF-16 value, and we
# must break it up into its surrogates
byte_data = bytearray(key.char.encode('utf-16le'))
surrogates = [
byte_data[i] | (byte_data[i + 1] << 8)
for i in range(0, len(byte_data), 2)]
state_flags = KEYBDINPUT.UNICODE \
| (KEYBDINPUT.KEYUP if not is_press else 0)
SendInput(
len(surrogates),
(INPUT * len(surrogates))(*(
INPUT(
INPUT.KEYBOARD,
INPUT_union(
ki=KEYBDINPUT(
dwFlags=state_flags,
wScan=scan)))
for scan in surrogates)),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
#: The Windows hook ID for low level keyboard events, ``WH_KEYBOARD_LL``
_EVENTS = 13
_WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE = 0x0051
_WM_KEYDOWN = 0x0100
_WM_KEYUP = 0x0101
_WM_SYSKEYDOWN = 0x0104
_WM_SYSKEYUP = 0x0105
# A bit flag attached to messages indicating that the payload is an actual
# UTF-16 character code
_UTF16_FLAG = 0x1000
# A bit flag attached to messages indicating that the event was injected
_INJECTED_FLAG = 0x2000
# A special virtual key code designating unicode characters
_VK_PACKET = 0xE7
#: The messages that correspond to a key press
_PRESS_MESSAGES = (_WM_KEYDOWN, _WM_SYSKEYDOWN)
#: The messages that correspond to a key release
_RELEASE_MESSAGES = (_WM_KEYUP, _WM_SYSKEYUP)
#: Additional window messages to propagate to the subclass handler.
_WM_NOTIFICATIONS = (
_WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE,
)
#: A mapping from keysym to special key
_SPECIAL_KEYS = {
key.value.vk: key
for key in Key}
_HANDLED_EXCEPTIONS = (
SystemHook.SuppressException,)
class _KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Contains information about a mouse event passed to a
``WH_KEYBOARD_LL`` hook procedure, ``LowLevelKeyboardProc``.
"""
LLKHF_INJECTED = 0x00000010
LLKHF_LOWER_IL_INJECTED = 0x00000002
_fields_ = [
('vkCode', wintypes.DWORD),
('scanCode', wintypes.DWORD),
('flags', wintypes.DWORD),
('time', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwExtraInfo', ctypes.c_void_p)]
#: A pointer to a :class:`KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT`
_LPKBDLLHOOKSTRUCT = ctypes.POINTER(_KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._translator = KeyTranslator()
self._event_filter = self._options.get(
'event_filter',
lambda msg, data: True)
def _convert(self, code, msg, lpdata):
if code != SystemHook.HC_ACTION:
return
data = ctypes.cast(lpdata, self._LPKBDLLHOOKSTRUCT).contents
is_packet = data.vkCode == self._VK_PACKET
injected = (data.flags & (0
| self._KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT.LLKHF_INJECTED
| self._KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT.LLKHF_LOWER_IL_INJECTED)) != 0
message = (msg
| (self._UTF16_FLAG if is_packet else 0)
| (self._INJECTED_FLAG if injected else 0))
# Suppress further propagation of the event if it is filtered
if self._event_filter(msg, data) is False:
return None
elif is_packet:
return (message, data.scanCode)
else:
return (message, data.vkCode)
@AbstractListener._emitter
def _process(self, wparam, lparam):
msg = wparam
vk = lparam
# If the key has the UTF-16 flag, we treat it as a unicode character,
# otherwise convert the event to a KeyCode; this may fail, and in that
# case we pass None
is_utf16 = msg & self._UTF16_FLAG
injected = bool(msg & self._INJECTED_FLAG)
message = msg & ~(self._UTF16_FLAG | self._INJECTED_FLAG)
if is_utf16:
scan = vk
key = KeyCode.from_char(six.unichr(scan))
else:
try:
key = self._event_to_key(msg, vk)
except OSError:
key = None
if message in self._PRESS_MESSAGES:
self.on_press(key, injected)
elif message in self._RELEASE_MESSAGES:
self.on_release(key, injected)
# pylint: disable=R0201
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _receive(self):
"""An empty context manager; we do not need to fake keyboard events.
"""
yield
# pylint: enable=R0201
def _on_notification(self, code, wparam, lparam):
"""Receives ``WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE`` and updates the cached layout.
"""
if code == self._WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE:
self._translator.update_layout()
def _event_to_key(self, msg, vk):
"""Converts an :class:`_KBDLLHOOKSTRUCT` to a :class:`KeyCode`.
:param msg: The message received.
:param vk: The virtual key code to convert.
:return: a :class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`
:raises OSError: if the message and data could not be converted
"""
# If the virtual key code corresponds to a Key value, we prefer that
if vk in self._SPECIAL_KEYS:
return self._SPECIAL_KEYS[vk]
else:
return KeyCode(**self._translate(
vk,
msg in self._PRESS_MESSAGES))
def _translate(self, vk, is_press):
"""Translates a virtual key code to a parameter list passable to
:class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`.
:param int vk: The virtual key code.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a press event.
:return: a parameter list to the :class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`
constructor
"""
return self._translator(vk, is_press)
def canonical(self, key):
# If the key has a scan code, and we can find the character for it,
# return that, otherwise call the super class
scan = getattr(key, '_scan', None)
if scan is not None:
char = self._translator.char_from_scan(scan)
if char is not None:
return KeyCode.from_char(char)
return super(Listener, self).canonical(key)

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@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The keyboard implementation for *Xorg*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
# pylint: disable=W0611
try:
import pynput._util.xorg
except Exception as e:
raise ImportError('failed to acquire X connection: {}'.format(str(e)), e)
# pylint: enable=W0611
import enum
import threading
import Xlib.display
import Xlib.ext
import Xlib.ext.xtest
import Xlib.X
import Xlib.XK
import Xlib.protocol
import Xlib.keysymdef.xkb
from pynput._util import NotifierMixin
from pynput._util.xorg import (
alt_mask,
alt_gr_mask,
char_to_keysym,
display_manager,
index_to_shift,
keyboard_mapping,
ListenerMixin,
numlock_mask,
shift_to_index,
symbol_to_keysym)
from pynput._util.xorg_keysyms import (
CHARS,
DEAD_KEYS,
KEYPAD_KEYS,
KEYSYMS,
SYMBOLS)
from . import _base
class KeyCode(_base.KeyCode):
_PLATFORM_EXTENSIONS = (
# The symbol name for this key
'_symbol',
)
# Be explicit about fields
_symbol = None
@classmethod
def _from_symbol(cls, symbol, **kwargs):
"""Creates a key from a symbol.
:param str symbol: The symbol name.
:return: a key code
"""
# First try simple translation
keysym = Xlib.XK.string_to_keysym(symbol)
if keysym:
return cls.from_vk(keysym, _symbol=symbol, **kwargs)
# If that fails, try checking a module attribute of Xlib.keysymdef.xkb
if not keysym:
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to ignore errors
try:
symbol = 'XK_' + symbol
return cls.from_vk(
getattr(Xlib.keysymdef.xkb, symbol, 0),
_symbol=symbol,
**kwargs)
except:
return cls.from_vk(
SYMBOLS.get(symbol, (0,))[0],
_symbol=symbol,
**kwargs)
# pylint: enable=W0702
@classmethod
def _from_media(cls, name, **kwargs):
"""Creates a media key from a partial name.
:param str name: The name. The actual symbol name will be this string
with ``'XF86_Audio'`` prepended.
:return: a key code
"""
return cls._from_symbol('XF86_Audio' + name, **kwargs)
# pylint: disable=W0212
class Key(enum.Enum):
# Default keys
alt = KeyCode._from_symbol('Alt_L')
alt_l = KeyCode._from_symbol('Alt_L')
alt_r = KeyCode._from_symbol('Alt_R')
alt_gr = KeyCode._from_symbol('Mode_switch')
backspace = KeyCode._from_symbol('BackSpace')
caps_lock = KeyCode._from_symbol('Caps_Lock')
cmd = KeyCode._from_symbol('Super_L')
cmd_l = KeyCode._from_symbol('Super_L')
cmd_r = KeyCode._from_symbol('Super_R')
ctrl = KeyCode._from_symbol('Control_L')
ctrl_l = KeyCode._from_symbol('Control_L')
ctrl_r = KeyCode._from_symbol('Control_R')
delete = KeyCode._from_symbol('Delete')
down = KeyCode._from_symbol('Down')
end = KeyCode._from_symbol('End')
enter = KeyCode._from_symbol('Return')
esc = KeyCode._from_symbol('Escape')
f1 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F1')
f2 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F2')
f3 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F3')
f4 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F4')
f5 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F5')
f6 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F6')
f7 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F7')
f8 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F8')
f9 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F9')
f10 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F10')
f11 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F11')
f12 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F12')
f13 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F13')
f14 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F14')
f15 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F15')
f16 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F16')
f17 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F17')
f18 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F18')
f19 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F19')
f20 = KeyCode._from_symbol('F20')
home = KeyCode._from_symbol('Home')
left = KeyCode._from_symbol('Left')
page_down = KeyCode._from_symbol('Page_Down')
page_up = KeyCode._from_symbol('Page_Up')
right = KeyCode._from_symbol('Right')
shift = KeyCode._from_symbol('Shift_L')
shift_l = KeyCode._from_symbol('Shift_L')
shift_r = KeyCode._from_symbol('Shift_R')
space = KeyCode._from_symbol('space', char=' ')
tab = KeyCode._from_symbol('Tab')
up = KeyCode._from_symbol('Up')
media_play_pause = KeyCode._from_media('Play')
media_volume_mute = KeyCode._from_media('Mute')
media_volume_down = KeyCode._from_media('LowerVolume')
media_volume_up = KeyCode._from_media('RaiseVolume')
media_previous = KeyCode._from_media('Prev')
media_next = KeyCode._from_media('Next')
insert = KeyCode._from_symbol('Insert')
menu = KeyCode._from_symbol('Menu')
num_lock = KeyCode._from_symbol('Num_Lock')
pause = KeyCode._from_symbol('Pause')
print_screen = KeyCode._from_symbol('Print')
scroll_lock = KeyCode._from_symbol('Scroll_Lock')
# pylint: enable=W0212
class Controller(NotifierMixin, _base.Controller):
_KeyCode = KeyCode
_Key = Key
#: The shift mask for :attr:`Key.ctrl`
CTRL_MASK = Xlib.X.ControlMask
#: The shift mask for :attr:`Key.shift`
SHIFT_MASK = Xlib.X.ShiftMask
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._display = Xlib.display.Display()
self._keyboard_mapping = None
self._borrows = {}
self._borrow_lock = threading.RLock()
# pylint: disable=C0103; this is treated as a class scope constant, but
# we cannot set it in the class scope, as it requires a Display instance
self.ALT_MASK = alt_mask(self._display)
self.ALT_GR_MASK = alt_gr_mask(self._display)
# pylint: enable=C0103
def __del__(self):
if hasattr(self, '_display'):
self._display.close()
@property
def keyboard_mapping(self):
"""A mapping from *keysyms* to *key codes*.
Each value is the tuple ``(key_code, shift_state)``. By sending an
event with the specified *key code* and shift state, the specified
*keysym* will be touched.
"""
if not self._keyboard_mapping:
self._update_keyboard_mapping()
return self._keyboard_mapping
def _handle(self, key, is_press):
"""Resolves a key identifier and sends a keyboard event.
:param int key: The key to handle.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a press.
"""
event = Xlib.display.event.KeyPress if is_press \
else Xlib.display.event.KeyRelease
keysym = self._keysym(key)
# Make sure to verify that the key was resolved
if keysym is None:
raise self.InvalidKeyException(key)
# If the key has a virtual key code, use that immediately with
# fake_input; fake input,being an X server extension, has access to
# more internal state that we do
if key.vk is not None:
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
Xlib.ext.xtest.fake_input(
dm,
Xlib.X.KeyPress if is_press else Xlib.X.KeyRelease,
dm.keysym_to_keycode(key.vk))
# Otherwise use XSendEvent; we need to use this in the general case to
# work around problems with keyboard layouts
else:
try:
keycode, shift_state = self.keyboard_mapping[keysym]
self._send_key(event, keycode, shift_state)
except KeyError:
with self._borrow_lock:
keycode, index, count = self._borrows[keysym]
self._send_key(
event,
keycode,
index_to_shift(self._display, index))
count += 1 if is_press else -1
self._borrows[keysym] = (keycode, index, count)
# Notify any running listeners
self._emit('_on_fake_event', key, is_press)
def _keysym(self, key):
"""Converts a key to a *keysym*.
:param KeyCode key: The key code to convert.
"""
return self._resolve_dead(key) if key.is_dead else None \
or self._resolve_special(key) \
or self._resolve_normal(key) \
or self._resolve_borrowed(key) \
or self._resolve_borrowing(key)
def _send_key(self, event, keycode, shift_state):
"""Sends a single keyboard event.
:param event: The *X* keyboard event.
:param int keycode: The calculated keycode.
:param int shift_state: The shift state. The actual value used is
:attr:`shift_state` or'd with this value.
"""
with display_manager(self._display) as dm, self.modifiers as modifiers:
# Under certain cimcumstances, such as when running under Xephyr,
# the value returned by dm.get_input_focus is an int
window = dm.get_input_focus().focus
send_event = getattr(
window,
'send_event',
lambda event: dm.send_event(window, event))
send_event(event(
detail=keycode,
state=shift_state | self._shift_mask(modifiers),
time=0,
root=dm.screen().root,
window=window,
same_screen=0,
child=Xlib.X.NONE,
root_x=0, root_y=0, event_x=0, event_y=0))
def _resolve_dead(self, key):
"""Tries to resolve a dead key.
:param str identifier: The identifier to resolve.
"""
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to ignore errors
try:
keysym, _ = SYMBOLS[CHARS[key.combining]]
except:
return None
# pylint: enable=W0702
if keysym not in self.keyboard_mapping:
return None
return keysym
def _resolve_special(self, key):
"""Tries to resolve a special key.
A special key has the :attr:`~KeyCode.vk` attribute set.
:param KeyCode key: The key to resolve.
"""
if not key.vk:
return None
return key.vk
def _resolve_normal(self, key):
"""Tries to resolve a normal key.
A normal key exists on the keyboard, and is typed by pressing
and releasing a simple key, possibly in combination with a modifier.
:param KeyCode key: The key to resolve.
"""
keysym = self._key_to_keysym(key)
if keysym is None:
return None
if keysym not in self.keyboard_mapping:
return None
return keysym
def _resolve_borrowed(self, key):
"""Tries to resolve a key by looking up the already borrowed *keysyms*.
A borrowed *keysym* does not exist on the keyboard, but has been
temporarily added to the layout.
:param KeyCode key: The key to resolve.
"""
keysym = self._key_to_keysym(key)
if keysym is None:
return None
with self._borrow_lock:
if keysym not in self._borrows:
return None
return keysym
def _resolve_borrowing(self, key):
"""Tries to resolve a key by modifying the layout temporarily.
A borrowed *keysym* does not exist on the keyboard, but is temporarily
added to the layout.
:param KeyCode key: The key to resolve.
"""
keysym = self._key_to_keysym(key)
if keysym is None:
return None
mapping = self._display.get_keyboard_mapping(8, 255 - 8)
def i2kc(index):
return index + 8
def kc2i(keycode):
return keycode - 8
#: Finds a keycode and index by looking at already used keycodes
def reuse():
for _, (keycode, _, _) in self._borrows.items():
keycodes = mapping[kc2i(keycode)]
# Only the first four items are addressable by X
for index in range(4):
if not keycodes[index]:
return keycode, index
#: Finds a keycode and index by using a new keycode
def borrow():
for i, keycodes in enumerate(mapping):
if not any(keycodes):
return i2kc(i), 0
#: Finds a keycode and index by reusing an old, unused one
def overwrite():
for keysym, (keycode, index, count) in self._borrows.items():
if count < 1:
del self._borrows[keysym]
return keycode, index
#: Registers a keycode for a specific key and modifier state
def register(dm, keycode, index):
i = kc2i(keycode)
# Check for use of empty mapping with a character that has upper
# and lower forms
lower = key.char.lower()
upper = key.char.upper()
if lower != upper and len(lower) == 1 and len(upper) == 1 and all(
m == Xlib.XK.NoSymbol
for m in mapping[i]):
lower = self._key_to_keysym(KeyCode.from_char(lower))
upper = self._key_to_keysym(KeyCode.from_char(upper))
if lower:
mapping[i][0] = lower
self._borrows[lower] = (keycode, 0, 0)
if upper:
mapping[i][1] = upper
self._borrows[upper] = (keycode, 1, 0)
else:
mapping[i][index] = keysym
self._borrows[keysym] = (keycode, index, 0)
dm.change_keyboard_mapping(keycode, mapping[i:i + 1])
try:
with display_manager(self._display) as dm, self._borrow_lock as _:
# First try an already used keycode, then try a new one, and
# fall back on reusing one that is not currently pressed
register(dm, *(
reuse() or
borrow() or
overwrite()))
return keysym
except TypeError:
return None
def _key_to_keysym(self, key):
"""Converts a character key code to a *keysym*.
:param KeyCode key: The key code.
:return: a keysym if found
:rtype: int or None
"""
# If the key code already has a VK, simply return it
if key.vk is not None:
return key.vk
# If the character has no associated symbol, we try to map the
# character to a keysym
symbol = CHARS.get(key.char, None)
if symbol is None:
return char_to_keysym(key.char)
# Otherwise we attempt to convert the symbol to a keysym
# pylint: disable=W0702; we want to ignore errors
try:
return symbol_to_keysym(symbol)
except:
try:
return SYMBOLS[symbol][0]
except:
return None
# pylint: enable=W0702
def _shift_mask(self, modifiers):
"""The *X* modifier mask to apply for a set of modifiers.
:param set modifiers: A set of active modifiers for which to get the
shift mask.
"""
return (
0
| (self.ALT_MASK
if Key.alt in modifiers else 0)
| (self.ALT_GR_MASK
if Key.alt_gr in modifiers else 0)
| (self.CTRL_MASK
if Key.ctrl in modifiers else 0)
| (self.SHIFT_MASK
if Key.shift in modifiers else 0))
def _update_keyboard_mapping(self):
"""Updates the keyboard mapping.
"""
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
self._keyboard_mapping = keyboard_mapping(dm)
@Controller._receiver
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
_EVENTS = (
Xlib.X.KeyPress,
Xlib.X.KeyRelease)
#: A mapping from keysym to special key
_SPECIAL_KEYS = {
key.value.vk: key
for key in Key}
#: A mapping from numeric keypad keys to keys
_KEYPAD_KEYS = {
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_0']: KeyCode.from_char('0'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_1']: KeyCode.from_char('1'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_2']: KeyCode.from_char('2'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_3']: KeyCode.from_char('3'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_4']: KeyCode.from_char('4'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_5']: KeyCode.from_char('5'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_6']: KeyCode.from_char('6'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_7']: KeyCode.from_char('7'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_8']: KeyCode.from_char('8'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_9']: KeyCode.from_char('9'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Add']: KeyCode.from_char('+'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Decimal']: KeyCode.from_char(','),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Delete']: Key.delete,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Divide']: KeyCode.from_char('/'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Down']: Key.down,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_End']: Key.end,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Enter']: Key.enter,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Equal']: KeyCode.from_char('='),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_F1']: Key.f1,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_F2']: Key.f2,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_F3']: Key.f3,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_F4']: Key.f4,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Home']: Key.home,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Insert']: Key.insert,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Left']: Key.left,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Multiply']: KeyCode.from_char('*'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Page_Down']: Key.page_down,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Page_Up']: Key.page_up,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Right']: Key.right,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Space']: Key.space,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Subtract']: KeyCode.from_char('-'),
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Tab']: Key.tab,
KEYPAD_KEYS['KP_Up']: Key.up}
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._keyboard_mapping = None
def _run(self):
with self._receive():
super(Listener, self)._run()
def _initialize(self, display):
# Get the keyboard mapping to be able to translate event details to
# key codes
min_keycode = display.display.info.min_keycode
keycode_count = display.display.info.max_keycode - min_keycode + 1
self._keyboard_mapping = display.get_keyboard_mapping(
min_keycode, keycode_count)
def _handle_message(self, display, event, injected):
# Convert the event to a KeyCode; this may fail, and in that case we
# pass None
try:
key = self._event_to_key(display, event)
except IndexError:
key = None
if event.type == Xlib.X.KeyPress:
self.on_press(key, injected)
elif event.type == Xlib.X.KeyRelease:
self.on_release(key, injected)
def _suppress_start(self, display):
display.screen().root.grab_keyboard(
self._event_mask, Xlib.X.GrabModeAsync, Xlib.X.GrabModeAsync,
Xlib.X.CurrentTime)
def _suppress_stop(self, display):
display.ungrab_keyboard(Xlib.X.CurrentTime)
def _on_fake_event(self, key, is_press):
"""The handler for fake press events sent by the controllers.
:param KeyCode key: The key pressed.
:param bool is_press: Whether this is a press event.
"""
(self.on_press if is_press else self.on_release)(
self._SPECIAL_KEYS.get(key.vk, key), True)
def _keycode_to_keysym(self, display, keycode, index):
"""Converts a keycode and shift state index to a keysym.
This method uses a simplified version of the *X* convention to locate
the correct keysym in the display table: since this method is only used
to locate special keys, alphanumeric keys are not treated specially.
:param display: The current *X* display.
:param keycode: The keycode.
:param index: The shift state index.
:return: a keysym
"""
keysym = display.keycode_to_keysym(keycode, index)
if keysym:
return keysym
elif index & 0x2:
return self._keycode_to_keysym(display, keycode, index & ~0x2)
elif index & 0x1:
return self._keycode_to_keysym(display, keycode, index & ~0x1)
else:
return 0
def _event_to_key(self, display, event):
"""Converts an *X* event to a :class:`KeyCode`.
:param display: The current *X* display.
:param event: The event to convert.
:return: a :class:`pynput.keyboard.KeyCode`
:raises IndexError: if the key code is invalid
"""
keycode = event.detail
index = shift_to_index(display, event.state)
# First try special keys...
keysym = self._keycode_to_keysym(display, keycode, index)
if keysym in self._SPECIAL_KEYS:
return self._SPECIAL_KEYS[keysym]
elif keysym in self._KEYPAD_KEYS:
# We must recalculate the index if numlock is active; index 1 is the
# one to use
try:
return self._KEYPAD_KEYS[
self._keycode_to_keysym(
display,
keycode,
bool(event.state & numlock_mask(display)))]
except KeyError:
# Since we recalculated the key, this may happen
pass
# ...then try characters...
name = KEYSYMS.get(keysym, None)
if name is not None and name in SYMBOLS:
char = SYMBOLS[name][1].upper() if index & 1 else SYMBOLS[name][1]
if char in DEAD_KEYS:
return KeyCode.from_dead(DEAD_KEYS[char], vk=keysym)
else:
return KeyCode.from_char(char, vk=keysym)
# ...and fall back on a virtual key code
return KeyCode.from_vk(keysym)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The module containing mouse classes.
See the documentation for more information.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0103
# Button, Controller and Listener are not constants
from pynput._util import backend, Events
backend = backend(__name__)
Button = backend.Button
Controller = backend.Controller
Listener = backend.Listener
del backend
class Events(Events):
"""A mouse event listener supporting synchronous iteration over the events.
Possible events are:
:class:`Events.Move`
The mouse was moved.
:class:`Events.Click`
A mouse button was pressed or released.
:class:`Events.Scroll`
The device was scrolled.
"""
_Listener = Listener
class Move(Events.Event):
"""A move event.
"""
def __init__(self, x, y, injected):
#: The X screen coordinate.
self.x = x
#: The Y screen coordinate.
self.y = y
#: Whether this event is synthetic.
self.injected = injected
class Click(Events.Event):
"""A click event.
"""
def __init__(self, x, y, button, pressed, injected):
#: The X screen coordinate.
self.x = x
#: The Y screen coordinate.
self.y = y
#: The button.
self.button = button
#: Whether the button was pressed.
self.pressed = pressed
#: Whether this event is synthetic.
self.injected = injected
class Scroll(Events.Event):
"""A scroll event.
"""
def __init__(self, x, y, dx, dy, injected):
#: The X screen coordinate.
self.x = x
#: The Y screen coordinate.
self.y = y
#: The number of horisontal steps.
self.dx = dx
#: The number of vertical steps.
self.dy = dy
#: Whether this event is synthetic.
self.injected = injected
def __init__(self):
super(Events, self).__init__(
on_move=self.Move,
on_click=self.Click,
on_scroll=self.Scroll)

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
This module contains the base implementation.
The actual interface to mouse classes is defined here, but the implementation
is located in a platform dependent module.
"""
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import enum
from pynput._util import AbstractListener, prefix
from pynput import _logger
class Button(enum.Enum):
"""The various buttons.
The actual values for these items differ between platforms. Some
platforms may have additional buttons, but these are guaranteed to be
present everywhere.
"""
#: An unknown button was pressed
unknown = 0
#: The left button
left = 1
#: The middle button
middle = 2
#: The right button
right = 3
class Controller(object):
"""A controller for sending virtual mouse events to the system.
"""
def __init__(self):
self._log = _logger(self.__class__)
@property
def position(self):
"""The current position of the mouse pointer.
This is the tuple ``(x, y)``, and setting it will move the pointer.
"""
return self._position_get()
@position.setter
def position(self, pos):
self._position_set(pos)
def scroll(self, dx, dy):
"""Sends scroll events.
:param int dx: The horizontal scroll. The units of scrolling is
undefined.
:param int dy: The vertical scroll. The units of scrolling is
undefined.
:raises ValueError: if the values are invalid, for example out of
bounds
"""
self._scroll(dx, dy)
def press(self, button):
"""Emits a button press event at the current position.
:param Button button: The button to press.
"""
self._press(button)
def release(self, button):
"""Emits a button release event at the current position.
:param Button button: The button to release.
"""
self._release(button)
def move(self, dx, dy):
"""Moves the mouse pointer a number of pixels from its current
position.
:param int dx: The horizontal offset.
:param int dy: The vertical offset.
:raises ValueError: if the values are invalid, for example out of
bounds
"""
self.position = tuple(sum(i) for i in zip(self.position, (dx, dy)))
def click(self, button, count=1):
"""Emits a button click event at the current position.
The default implementation sends a series of press and release events.
:param Button button: The button to click.
:param int count: The number of clicks to send.
"""
with self as controller:
for _ in range(count):
controller.press(button)
controller.release(button)
def __enter__(self):
"""Begins a series of clicks.
In the default :meth:`click` implementation, the return value of this
method is used for the calls to :meth:`press` and :meth:`release`
instead of ``self``.
The default implementation is a no-op.
"""
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
"""Ends a series of clicks.
"""
pass
def _position_get(self):
"""The implementation of the getter for :attr:`position`.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _position_set(self, pos):
"""The implementation of the setter for :attr:`position`.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _scroll(self, dx, dy):
"""The implementation of the :meth:`scroll` method.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _press(self, button):
"""The implementation of the :meth:`press` method.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
def _release(self, button):
"""The implementation of the :meth:`release` method.
This is a platform dependent implementation.
"""
raise NotImplementedError()
# pylint: disable=W0223; This is also an abstract class
class Listener(AbstractListener):
"""A listener for mouse events.
Instances of this class can be used as context managers. This is equivalent
to the following code::
listener.start()
try:
listener.wait()
with_statements()
finally:
listener.stop()
This class inherits from :class:`threading.Thread` and supports all its
methods. It will set :attr:`daemon` to ``True`` when created.
All callback arguments are optional; a callback may take less arguments
than actually passed, but not more, unless they are optional.
:param callable on_move: The callback to call when mouse move events occur.
It will be called with the arguments ``(x, y, injected)``, where ``(x,
y)`` is the new pointer position and ``injected`` whether the event was
injected and thus not generated by an actual input device. If this
callback raises :class:`StopException` or returns ``False``, the
listener is stopped.
Please note that not all backends support ``injected`` and will always
set it to ``False``.
:param callable on_click: The callback to call when a mouse button is
clicked.
It will be called with the arguments ``(x, y, button, pressed,
injected)``, where ``(x, y)`` is the new pointer position, ``button``
is one of the :class:`Button`, ``pressed`` is whether the button was
pressed and ``injected`` whether the event was injected and thus not
generated by an actual input device.
If this callback raises :class:`StopException` or returns ``False``,
the listener is stopped.
Please note that not all backends support ``injected`` and will always
set it to ``False``.
:param callable on_scroll: The callback to call when mouse scroll
events occur.
It will be called with the arguments ``(x, y, dx, dy, injected)``,
where ``(x, y)`` is the new pointer position, and ``(dx, dy)`` is the
scroll vector and ``injected`` whether the event was injected and thus
not generated by an actual input device.
If this callback raises :class:`StopException` or returns ``False``,
the listener is stopped.
Please note that not all backends support ``injected`` and will always
set it to ``False``.
:param bool suppress: Whether to suppress events. Setting this to ``True``
will prevent the input events from being passed to the rest of the
system.
:param kwargs: Any non-standard platform dependent options. These should be
prefixed with the platform name thus: ``darwin_``, ``xorg_`` or
``win32_``.
Supported values are:
``darwin_intercept``
A callable taking the arguments ``(event_type, event)``, where
``event_type`` is any mouse related event type constant, and
``event`` is a ``CGEventRef``.
This callable can freely modify the event using functions like
``Quartz.CGEventSetIntegerValueField``. If this callable does not
return the event, the event is suppressed system wide.
``win32_event_filter``
A callable taking the arguments ``(msg, data)``, where ``msg`` is
the current message, and ``data`` associated data as a
`MSLLHOOKSTRUCT <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/api/winuser/ns-winuser-msllhookstruct>`_.
If this callback returns ``False``, the event will not
be propagated to the listener callback.
If ``self.suppress_event()`` is called, the event is suppressed
system wide.
"""
def __init__(self, on_move=None, on_click=None, on_scroll=None,
suppress=False, **kwargs):
self._log = _logger(self.__class__)
option_prefix = prefix(Listener, self.__class__)
self._options = {
key[len(option_prefix):]: value
for key, value in kwargs.items()
if key.startswith(option_prefix)}
super(Listener, self).__init__(
on_move=self._wrap(on_move, 3),
on_click=self._wrap(on_click, 5),
on_scroll=self._wrap(on_scroll, 5),
suppress=suppress)
# pylint: enable=W0223

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The mouse implementation for *macOS*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import enum
import Quartz
from AppKit import NSEvent
from pynput._util.darwin import (
ListenerMixin)
from . import _base
def _button_value(base_name, mouse_button):
"""Generates the value tuple for a :class:`Button` value.
:param str base_name: The base name for the button. This should be a string
like ``'kCGEventLeftMouse'``.
:param int mouse_button: The mouse button ID.
:return: a value tuple
"""
return (
tuple(
getattr(Quartz, '%sMouse%s' % (base_name, name))
for name in ('Down', 'Up', 'Dragged')),
mouse_button)
class Button(enum.Enum):
"""The various buttons.
"""
unknown = None
left = _button_value('kCGEventLeft', 0)
middle = _button_value('kCGEventOther', 2)
right = _button_value('kCGEventRight', 1)
class Controller(_base.Controller):
#: The scroll speed
_SCROLL_SPEED = 10
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._click = None
self._drag_button = None
def _position_get(self):
pos = NSEvent.mouseLocation()
return pos.x, Quartz.CGDisplayPixelsHigh(0) - pos.y
def _position_set(self, pos):
try:
(_, _, mouse_type), mouse_button = self._drag_button.value
except AttributeError:
mouse_type = Quartz.kCGEventMouseMoved
mouse_button = 0
Quartz.CGEventPost(
Quartz.kCGHIDEventTap,
Quartz.CGEventCreateMouseEvent(
None,
mouse_type,
pos,
mouse_button))
def _scroll(self, dx, dy):
dx = int(dx)
dy = int(dy)
Quartz.CGEventPost(
Quartz.kCGHIDEventTap,
Quartz.CGEventCreateScrollWheelEvent(
None,
Quartz.kCGScrollEventUnitPixel,
2,
dy * self._SCROLL_SPEED,
dx * self._SCROLL_SPEED))
def _press(self, button):
(press, _, _), mouse_button = button.value
event = Quartz.CGEventCreateMouseEvent(
None,
press,
self.position,
mouse_button)
# If we are performing a click, we need to set this state flag
if self._click is not None:
self._click += 1
Quartz.CGEventSetIntegerValueField(
event,
Quartz.kCGMouseEventClickState,
self._click)
Quartz.CGEventPost(Quartz.kCGHIDEventTap, event)
# Store the button to enable dragging
self._drag_button = button
def _release(self, button):
(_, release, _), mouse_button = button.value
event = Quartz.CGEventCreateMouseEvent(
None,
release,
self.position,
mouse_button)
# If we are performing a click, we need to set this state flag
if self._click is not None:
Quartz.CGEventSetIntegerValueField(
event,
Quartz.kCGMouseEventClickState,
self._click)
Quartz.CGEventPost(Quartz.kCGHIDEventTap, event)
if button == self._drag_button:
self._drag_button = None
def __enter__(self):
self._click = 0
return self
def __exit__(self, exc_type, value, traceback):
self._click = None
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
#: The events that we listen to
_EVENTS = (
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventMouseMoved) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventLeftMouseDown) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventLeftMouseUp) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventLeftMouseDragged) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventRightMouseDown) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventRightMouseUp) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventRightMouseDragged) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventOtherMouseDown) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventOtherMouseUp) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventOtherMouseDragged) |
Quartz.CGEventMaskBit(Quartz.kCGEventScrollWheel))
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._intercept = self._options.get(
'intercept',
None)
def _handle_message(self, _proxy, event_type, event, _refcon, injected):
"""The callback registered with *macOS* for mouse events.
This method will call the callbacks registered on initialisation.
"""
try:
(px, py) = Quartz.CGEventGetLocation(event)
except AttributeError:
# This happens during teardown of the virtual machine
return
# Quickly detect the most common event type
if event_type == Quartz.kCGEventMouseMoved:
self.on_move(px, py, injected)
elif event_type == Quartz.kCGEventScrollWheel:
dx = Quartz.CGEventGetIntegerValueField(
event,
Quartz.kCGScrollWheelEventDeltaAxis2)
dy = Quartz.CGEventGetIntegerValueField(
event,
Quartz.kCGScrollWheelEventDeltaAxis1)
self.on_scroll(px, py, dx, dy, injected)
else:
for button in Button:
try:
(press, release, drag), _ = button.value
except TypeError:
# Button.unknown cannot be enumerated
continue
# Press and release generate click events, and drag
# generates move events
if event_type in (press, release):
self.on_click(px, py, button, event_type == press, injected)
elif event_type == drag:
self.on_move(px, py, injected)

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@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
This module contains a dummy implementation.
It cannot be used, but importing it will not raise any exceptions.
"""
from ._base import Button, Controller, Listener

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# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The mouse implementation for *Windows*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
import ctypes
import enum
from ctypes import (
windll,
wintypes)
from pynput._util import NotifierMixin
from pynput._util.win32 import (
INPUT,
INPUT_union,
ListenerMixin,
MOUSEINPUT,
SendInput,
SystemHook)
from . import _base
#: A constant used as a factor when constructing mouse scroll data.
WHEEL_DELTA = 120
class Button(enum.Enum):
"""The various buttons.
"""
unknown = None
left = (MOUSEINPUT.LEFTUP, MOUSEINPUT.LEFTDOWN, 0)
middle = (MOUSEINPUT.MIDDLEUP, MOUSEINPUT.MIDDLEDOWN, 0)
right = (MOUSEINPUT.RIGHTUP, MOUSEINPUT.RIGHTDOWN, 0)
x1 = (MOUSEINPUT.XUP, MOUSEINPUT.XDOWN, MOUSEINPUT.XBUTTON1)
x2 = (MOUSEINPUT.XUP, MOUSEINPUT.XDOWN, MOUSEINPUT.XBUTTON2)
class Controller(NotifierMixin, _base.Controller):
__GetCursorPos = windll.user32.GetCursorPos
__SetCursorPos = windll.user32.SetCursorPos
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _position_get(self):
point = wintypes.POINT()
if self.__GetCursorPos(ctypes.byref(point)):
return (point.x, point.y)
else:
return None
def _position_set(self, pos):
pos = int(pos[0]), int(pos[1])
self.__SetCursorPos(*pos)
self._emit('on_move', *pos, True)
def _scroll(self, dx, dy):
if dy:
SendInput(
1,
ctypes.byref(INPUT(
type=INPUT.MOUSE,
value=INPUT_union(
mi=MOUSEINPUT(
dwFlags=MOUSEINPUT.WHEEL,
mouseData=int(dy * WHEEL_DELTA))))),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
if dx:
SendInput(
1,
ctypes.byref(INPUT(
type=INPUT.MOUSE,
value=INPUT_union(
mi=MOUSEINPUT(
dwFlags=MOUSEINPUT.HWHEEL,
mouseData=int(dx * WHEEL_DELTA))))),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
if dx or dy:
px, py = self._position_get()
self._emit('on_scroll', px, py, dx, dy, True)
def _press(self, button):
SendInput(
1,
ctypes.byref(INPUT(
type=INPUT.MOUSE,
value=INPUT_union(
mi=MOUSEINPUT(
dwFlags=button.value[1],
mouseData=button.value[2])))),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
def _release(self, button):
SendInput(
1,
ctypes.byref(INPUT(
type=INPUT.MOUSE,
value=INPUT_union(
mi=MOUSEINPUT(
dwFlags=button.value[0],
mouseData=button.value[2])))),
ctypes.sizeof(INPUT))
@Controller._receiver
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
#: The Windows hook ID for low level mouse events, ``WH_MOUSE_LL``
_EVENTS = 14
WM_LBUTTONDOWN = 0x0201
WM_LBUTTONUP = 0x0202
WM_MBUTTONDOWN = 0x0207
WM_MBUTTONUP = 0x0208
WM_MOUSEMOVE = 0x0200
WM_MOUSEWHEEL = 0x020A
WM_MOUSEHWHEEL = 0x020E
WM_RBUTTONDOWN = 0x0204
WM_RBUTTONUP = 0x0205
WM_XBUTTONDOWN = 0x20B
WM_XBUTTONUP = 0x20C
MK_XBUTTON1 = 0x0020
MK_XBUTTON2 = 0x0040
XBUTTON1 = 1
XBUTTON2 = 2
#: A mapping from messages to button events
CLICK_BUTTONS = {
WM_LBUTTONDOWN: (Button.left, True),
WM_LBUTTONUP: (Button.left, False),
WM_MBUTTONDOWN: (Button.middle, True),
WM_MBUTTONUP: (Button.middle, False),
WM_RBUTTONDOWN: (Button.right, True),
WM_RBUTTONUP: (Button.right, False)}
#: A mapping from message to X button events.
X_BUTTONS = {
WM_XBUTTONDOWN: {
XBUTTON1: (Button.x1, True),
XBUTTON2: (Button.x2, True)},
WM_XBUTTONUP: {
XBUTTON1: (Button.x1, False),
XBUTTON2: (Button.x2, False)}}
#: A mapping from messages to scroll vectors
SCROLL_BUTTONS = {
WM_MOUSEWHEEL: (0, 1),
WM_MOUSEHWHEEL: (1, 0)}
_HANDLED_EXCEPTIONS = (
SystemHook.SuppressException,)
class _MSLLHOOKSTRUCT(ctypes.Structure):
"""Contains information about a mouse event passed to a ``WH_MOUSE_LL``
hook procedure, ``MouseProc``.
"""
LLMHF_INJECTED = 0x00000001
LLMHF_LOWER_IL_INJECTED = 0x00000002
_fields_ = [
('pt', wintypes.POINT),
('mouseData', wintypes.DWORD),
('flags', wintypes.DWORD),
('time', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwExtraInfo', ctypes.c_void_p)]
#: A pointer to a :class:`_MSLLHOOKSTRUCT`
_LPMSLLHOOKSTRUCT = ctypes.POINTER(_MSLLHOOKSTRUCT)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._event_filter = self._options.get(
'event_filter',
lambda msg, data: True)
def _handle_message(self, code, msg, lpdata):
if code != SystemHook.HC_ACTION:
return
data = ctypes.cast(lpdata, self._LPMSLLHOOKSTRUCT).contents
injected = data.flags & (0
| self._MSLLHOOKSTRUCT.LLMHF_INJECTED
| self._MSLLHOOKSTRUCT.LLMHF_LOWER_IL_INJECTED) != 0
# Suppress further propagation of the event if it is filtered
if self._event_filter(msg, data) is False:
return
if msg == self.WM_MOUSEMOVE:
self.on_move(data.pt.x, data.pt.y,injected)
elif msg in self.CLICK_BUTTONS:
button, pressed = self.CLICK_BUTTONS[msg]
self.on_click(data.pt.x, data.pt.y, button, pressed, injected)
elif msg in self.X_BUTTONS:
button, pressed = self.X_BUTTONS[msg][data.mouseData >> 16]
self.on_click(data.pt.x, data.pt.y, button, pressed, injected)
elif msg in self.SCROLL_BUTTONS:
mx, my = self.SCROLL_BUTTONS[msg]
dd = wintypes.SHORT(data.mouseData >> 16).value // WHEEL_DELTA
self.on_scroll(data.pt.x, data.pt.y, dd * mx, dd * my, injected)

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@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
# coding=utf-8
# pynput
# Copyright (C) 2015-2024 Moses Palmér
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
# the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
# later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
The keyboard implementation for *Xorg*.
"""
# pylint: disable=C0111
# The documentation is extracted from the base classes
# pylint: disable=E1101,E1102
# We dynamically generate the Button class
# pylint: disable=R0903
# We implement stubs
# pylint: disable=W0611
try:
import pynput._util.xorg
except Exception as e:
raise ImportError('failed to acquire X connection: {}'.format(str(e)), e)
# pylint: enable=W0611
import enum
import Xlib.display
import Xlib.ext
import Xlib.ext.xtest
import Xlib.X
import Xlib.protocol
from pynput._util.xorg import (
display_manager,
ListenerMixin)
from . import _base
# pylint: disable=C0103
Button = enum.Enum(
'Button',
module=__name__,
names=[
('unknown', None),
('left', 1),
('middle', 2),
('right', 3),
('scroll_up', 4),
('scroll_down', 5),
('scroll_left', 6),
('scroll_right', 7)] + [
('button%d' % i, i)
for i in range(8, 31)])
# pylint: enable=C0103
class Controller(_base.Controller):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Controller, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self._display = Xlib.display.Display()
def __del__(self):
if hasattr(self, '_display'):
self._display.close()
def _position_get(self):
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
qp = dm.screen().root.query_pointer()
return (qp.root_x, qp.root_y)
def _position_set(self, pos):
px, py = self._check_bounds(*pos)
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
Xlib.ext.xtest.fake_input(dm, Xlib.X.MotionNotify, x=px, y=py)
def _scroll(self, dx, dy):
dx, dy = self._check_bounds(dx, dy)
if dy:
self.click(
button=Button.scroll_up if dy > 0 else Button.scroll_down,
count=abs(dy))
if dx:
self.click(
button=Button.scroll_right if dx > 0 else Button.scroll_left,
count=abs(dx))
def _press(self, button):
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
Xlib.ext.xtest.fake_input(dm, Xlib.X.ButtonPress, button.value)
def _release(self, button):
with display_manager(self._display) as dm:
Xlib.ext.xtest.fake_input(dm, Xlib.X.ButtonRelease, button.value)
def _check_bounds(self, *args):
"""Checks the arguments and makes sure they are within the bounds of a
short integer.
:param args: The values to verify.
"""
if not all(
(-0x7fff - 1) <= number <= 0x7fff
for number in args):
raise ValueError(args)
else:
return tuple(int(p) for p in args)
class Listener(ListenerMixin, _base.Listener):
#: A mapping from button values to scroll directions
_SCROLL_BUTTONS = {
Button.scroll_up.value: (0, 1),
Button.scroll_down.value: (0, -1),
Button.scroll_right.value: (1, 0),
Button.scroll_left.value: (-1, 0)}
_EVENTS = (
Xlib.X.ButtonPressMask,
Xlib.X.ButtonReleaseMask)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(Listener, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _handle_message(self, dummy_display, event, injected):
px = event.root_x
py = event.root_y
if event.type == Xlib.X.ButtonPress:
# Scroll events are sent as button presses with the scroll
# button codes
scroll = self._SCROLL_BUTTONS.get(event.detail, None)
if scroll:
self.on_scroll(
px, py, scroll[0], scroll[1], injected)
else:
self.on_click(
px, py, self._button(event.detail), True, injected)
elif event.type == Xlib.X.ButtonRelease:
# Send an event only if this was not a scroll event
if event.detail not in self._SCROLL_BUTTONS:
self.on_click(
px, py, self._button(event.detail), False, injected)
else:
self.on_move(px, py, injected)
def _suppress_start(self, display):
display.screen().root.grab_pointer(
True, self._event_mask, Xlib.X.GrabModeAsync, Xlib.X.GrabModeAsync,
0, 0, Xlib.X.CurrentTime)
def _suppress_stop(self, display):
display.ungrab_pointer(Xlib.X.CurrentTime)
# pylint: disable=R0201
def _button(self, detail):
"""Creates a mouse button from an event detail.
If the button is unknown, :attr:`Button.unknown` is returned.
:param detail: The event detail.
:return: a button
"""
try:
return Button(detail)
except ValueError:
return Button.unknown
# pylint: enable=R0201